History of Astronomy - 4015 Words

HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, and astrological practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World . In some cultures astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication. Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively fixed over the centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short time. Early history Early cultures identified celestial objects with†¦show more content†¦The original mechanism is displayed in the Bronze collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, accompanied by a replica. India Ancient Indian astrology is based upon sidereal calculation. The sidereal astronomy is based upon the stars and the sidereal period is the time that it takes the object to make one full orbit around the Sun, relative to the stars. It can be traced to the final centuries BC with the Vedanga Jyotisha attributed to Lagadha, one of the circum-Vedic texts, which describes rules for tracking the motions of the Sun and the Moon for the purposes of ritual. After formation of Indo-Greekkingdoms, Indian astronomy was influenced by Hellenistic astronomy (adopting the zodiacal signs or rÄ Ã…›is). Identical numerical computations for lunar cycles have been found to be used in India and in early Babylonian texts.[11] Astronomy was advanced during the Sunga Empire and many star catalogues were produced during this time. The Sunga period is known as the Golden age of astronomy in India. China The astronomy of East Asia began in China. Solar term was completed in Warring States Period. The knowledge of Chinese astronomy was introduced into East Asia. Astronomy in China has a long history. Detailed records of astronomical observations were kept from about the 6th century BC,Show MoreRelatedEver since the beginning of time there have been stars. Not only stars in the sky, but moons,1700 Words   |  7 Pagesstars. Not only stars in the sky, but moons, planets, and even galaxies! Astronomy is defined as the branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole. In other words it is the study of space, planets, and stars. Throughout the ages, many people have used astronomy to help them learn about the universe, our own planet, and even make predictions about life itself. Understanding astronomy means understanding where it originated, the different groups/culturesRead MoreEssay on Johannes Kepler1478 Words   |  6 Pagesthe planets as having small spherical orbits called epicycles (â€Å"Astronomy† 2). Kepler is best known for introducing three effectual, applicable and valid laws of planetary motion by using the precise data he had developed from Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer, which helped Copernicus’s theory of the solar system gain universal reception (â€Å"Johan Kepler† 1). Nevertheless, he had made further effective contributions in the field of astronomy, which are valid to society and were used to change how the universeRead MoreA Critical Review of the Introduction (pp.xi-xvi) to Cumont, Franz, Astrology Among The Greeks and Romans, New York: Dover Publications 1960 (1911)1092 Words   |  5 Pagessprang from the same stock and mingled its branches with it†.6 However, in ‘Greek Astronomy and Its Debt to the Babylonians author Leonard W. Clarke, claimed that observation and research work of the cosmos had been taking place over many centuries in many other places and before the Ancient Greeks. Therefore, without this prior research Clarke argues, ‘much of the contribution to astronomy made by the later Greeks would have been seriously reduced’.7 This is also the caseRead MoreAbu al-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruri Essay2360 Words   |  10 Pageswas a Persian-Khwarezmian Muslim scholar and polymath. He was born in 973 and his contributions to science made him one of the greatest Muslim scientists and astronomers. He was well versed in physics, mathematics, geography, history, ethnography, anthropology and astronomy. During his time of becoming a great polymath, he survived some unusual political changes such as change of six princes. There is not enough information about his early life available but from what it is known; khwarezm was locatedRead MoreTycho Brahe Essay2637 Words   |  11 PagesTycho Brahe is remembered for many things: his golden nose, his ignominious death, and his famous last words. All of these things have gone down in history. However, Tycho Brahe was well-known in his time as a respected and well-paid astronomer. His observations were second to none. He was unsatisfiable and meticulous in his profe ssion, building two of the finest observatories of his time, the second because the first was not up to his own high standards. He is still regarded as one of the best naked-eyeRead MoreThe Heliocentric Theory vs. The Catholic Church Essay2163 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Renaissance, many began to toss aside medieval preoccupations with supernatural forces and turned to secular concerns. (Yamasaki, p.50) During this time, people began to think for themselves and ponder truths through philosophy, science, astronomy, astrology, etc. Philosophers minds began to turn, the human mind was finally awake. At the time, the thought of heavenly bodies being divine, and stars being eternal objects in unchanging motion were common knowledge. A philosopher, scientsitRead MoreThe Catholic Church And The Copernican Revolution2463 Words   |  10 Pagesonce the â€Å"Theories of Copernicus† were confirmed with indisputable evidence. In this paper, I will first evaluate the history about how â€Å"Copernican Theory† and its model of the earth came into existence. I will also analyze the â€Å"Copernican Theory† in light of Churches idea of the earth being flat. I will ultimately argue that Nicolaus Copernicus played an important role in the history of Philosophy of Science. The Copernican Revolution involves the exchange of a â€Å"geocentric† worldview to a â€Å"heliocentric†Read MoreThe History and Factors Leading to Copernican Revolution1663 Words   |  7 Pagesto the planet. These three laws are still commonly used today. With the use of the telescope Galileo was able to provide pivotal evidence for the Copernican Revolution in the early 1600s. Galileo was the first person to use the telescope for astronomy. He was able discover that the sun rotated on an axis by observing the motion of sunspots. By this discovery he concluded that it was very probable that the earth also rotated on an axis. Along with observing the sun Galileo also observed JupiterRead MoreEssay about HIstory of Astronomy and Neptune2615 Words   |  11 Pagesfully understand what is happening in the world around you. These things are what you need to know, if you’re a scientists, to a grocery shop bagger. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ptolemy was a Greek man who became the man to set the future for astronomy. He was the third of the Alexandrian men, this group of scientists and mathematicians taught Alexander and his generals themselves. Living around 150 A.D., and being one of the Alexandrian men, he had access to knowledge no one at the time had. FromRead MoreHow was the Gupta Empire (India) scientifically advanced? Describes scientific achievements of the time.1594 Words   |  7 Pagesmathematics, and astronomy that made the empire scientifically advanced. Many people fail to realize that countless things mistaken for solely modern-day science, for example, plastic surgery, existed centuries ago. Here, the technologies of the Gupta Empire (320-467), such as the development of a more accurate value for pi, the perfection of the modern numeral and decimal system; surgery, inoculation, the formulation of medical guides and a better calendar; and lunar astronomy, will be discussed

Analysis Of Ethical Decision And Scandal - 1429 Words

Analysis of ethical reaction to scandal Introduction The reputation of an organization is crucial. Therefore, being a leader of an organization has to be able to react efficiently and effectively when there is a threat to organization’s reputation. Occasionally, a leader has to face a dilemma, whereby one has to decide how to deal with the scandals in the organizations. On one hand, some organizations treat their customers as a mean to gather the profits. On the other hand, other organizations regard their customers as an end, whereby the organizations really consider about customers’ interests as an ultimate goal of their services. Nonetheless, only the companies that mad the ethical actions survived. Lacking a focus on the welfare of their customers, some propaganda techniques, aiming to cover up the scandals, usually don’t work well. Instead, successful public relationship management techniques generally treat their customers’ welfare as an end not just a mean. For example, a successful crisis management usually contains the honesty and quick reaction. Enron Corporation is a great example to illustrate how damaging it is if company leaders try to hide up the scandals and lie to the public. From Kant’s perspective, customers, who are human beings objected to the service provided by organizations, should be treated with dignity, as â€Å"every rational being exists as an end in himself and not merely as a means to be arbitrarily used by this or that will† (Kant 428). Indeed,Show MoreRelatedEthical Discernment: The Adelphia Scandal1655 Words   |  7 PagesEthical discernment Adelphia scandal Statistical analysis This paper relies on secondary data on a past phenomenon. It combines data from journal and other internet sources to bring out aspects of unethical behavior by Adelphias top executive. The analysis of data takes two ethical frameworks. Ethics involve an individuals moral judgments concerning what is right and/or wrong. Individuals or groups of people are responsible for making decisions in an organization (shaw, 2008). Decisions withinRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1064 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, business ethics can be defined as moral principles of a business. It examines moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. Generally, it has both normative and descriptive dimensions. Organization practice and career specialization are regarded as normative whereas academics attempting to understand business behaviour are regarded as descriptive. It seeks to provide ethical insight and guidance to individuals in business, business organizations, and to the society. ItRead MoreThe Fall Of Major Telecommunications Company Onetel And Enron1319 Words   |  6 Pagesmorals and lacking strong work ethics. If even a major corporation can fall into this â€Å"trap†, then avoiding doesn’ t sound easy, although accountants can easily avoid scandals by following a precise set of given rules and ethics. OneTel and Enron are prime examples which demonstrate the danger when a business is faced with an accounting scandal - which in turn could have been avoided. The fall of major telecommunications company OneTel came as a huge shock, many fell victim to this. The fall of OneTelRead MoreFinancial Collapse : The And Enron1320 Words   |  6 Pagesmorals and lacking strong work ethics. If even a major corporation can fall into this â€Å"trap†, then avoiding doesn’t sound easy, although accountants can easily avoid scandals by following a precise set of given rules and ethics. OneTel and Enron are prime examples which demonstrate the danger when a business is faced with an accounting scandal - which in turn could have been avoided. The fall of major telecommunications company OneTel came as a huge shock, many fell victim to this. The fall of OneTelRead MoreSiemens Ag Bribery1261 Words   |  6 PagesSiemens AG Bribery Scandal This paper will focus on the analysis of the well-known and popular bribery scandal in the world, such as Siemens AG Bribery Scandal which occurred in November, 2006. Siemens AG is one of the largest and most popular electrical engineering companies operated in the world. The present company was founded in 1847 in Berlin and is now headquartered in Munich, Germany. The discussion and the proper analysis of this bribery scandal will help to learn many effective lessonsRead MoreThe Basics Of Accounting For Small Businesses1472 Words   |  6 Pagesthem. A portion of business ethics is being transparent and allowing your reports to truthfully represent the financial position of your business. According to the article, â€Å"The Basics of Accounting for Small Businesses,† a financial report is an analysis of the financial data recorded in the books by a business. There are many types of financial reports, such as a balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and statement of retained earnings. A balance sheet is a report that presentsRead MoreThe International Council On Clean Transportation1395 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: Business Ethics 1 Business Ethics 2 Discussion Board Forum 1 - Volkswagen Scandal Rachelle Sepich Liberty University Volkswagen Scandal Overview In 2013, the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) began conducting ?on-road emission tests for cars?. The investigation on Volkswagen identified the emission levels were nearly 40% higher than the defined limits (Jung Park, 2017). Ultimately in 2015, Volkswagen publicized a recall of more than 450Read MoreThe Ethics Of The Ethical Issues1603 Words   |  7 Pages When we look at the ethical issues, we can stream them into two categories that are the funder’s perspective and Livestrong’s perspective. The funders are in a dilemma whether they shouldcontinue funding and supporting the organization which in way has become so popular because of Lance Armstrong. Also, the other major point of discussion is whether it isethical for the funders to ask for their money to be returned considering the fact that the scandal took place in Lance Armstrong’s personal lifeRead MoreThe Nkf Scandal1426 Words   |  6 PagesOct ‘10 Nanyang Technological University[Type the company address] Yi Theng Lim Organization Behavior amp; Design Case Ethical Analysis NKF Singapore: Anatomy of a Crisis 08 Fall Introduction In July 2005, Singapore was shaken by a scandal involving the National Kidney Foundation (NKF), the nation’s largest charity. The scandal had surfaced many ethically controversial practices by NKF. In this paper, I will be focusing on the dilemmas surrounding NKF’S operations structureRead MoreManaging Human Resources1816 Words   |  7 PagesDATE: 1 December 2012. SUBJECT: Alternatives to address the Faulty Whistle. Organization business plan could not occur without integrity, and implementation of high-level ethical consideration enhances company value and market competitive advantages. The company needs to take immediate decision with regard to the ethical consideration to enhance organization market advantages. Three alternatives have been identified to address the problem regarding the whistle. First alternative is to ask the

Effects Of The Oil Spill On The Gulf Of Mexico - 1112 Words

Many people wonder what actually happens to the animals when the oil spill happens. This oil spill happened five years ago and nearly 5 barrels of oil was spilt into the Gulf of Mexico. The oil spill was caused from an explosion through the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig about 40 miles off the coast of Louisiana. The main effect from this oil spill was the losses of the animals. Causing many to almost go extinct. As a result from the oil spill the earth has had—losses from pollution, the cost, and the damage of people. The first effect of the oil spill is many losses from pollution caused by the BP Oil Spill. Such as all the animals that were endangered by the oil. Their environment was being intruded by the 4.9 barrels of oil that was†¦show more content†¦A known species of birds- brown pelican, white pelican, and laughing gulls- were found to be decreased by 800,000. A 2012 study determined that white pelicans that had migrated from the gulf to Minnesota to breed were producing eggs that contained discernible amounts of compounds that were traceable to the BP spill. Eggs containing traces of contaminants were found in Iowa and Illinois as well (Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010). Animals that were found alive in the wake of the spill were transported to rehabilitation centres and, after being cleaned and medically evaluated, were released into oil-free areas. Concerns about the offspring of sea turtles that nested on the gulf coasts of Alabama and Florida led wildlife officials to dig up thousands of eggs and hatch them in a warehouse for later release on the Atlantic coast. By late 2012 some 1,700 turtles had been found dead. A long-term satellite tracking study released in May 2013 showed that the endangered Kemp’s ridley sea turtle was likely severely affected, as its preferred foraging territory was within the area damaged by the spill. It was estimated that up to 65,000 imperiled turtles had died during 2010 alone, mostly as a result of oil contamination. It was also estimated that some 300,000 turtles, some of which were originally from breeding populations in other parts of the world, were in the region of the spill when it occurred, leading scientists to point out the global impactsShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Issues and Ethical Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Explosion and British Petroleum Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico 20101542 Words   |  7 PagesBP Gulf Oil Spill 1 Running Head: BP GULF OIL SPILL The Legal Issues and Ethical Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Explosion and British Petroleum Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico 2010 Terry D. 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The drilling rig, located 66 kilometers southeast of the Louisiana coast, left an oil gusher that was finally capped on July 15, almost 2 months later. This was the largest accidental marine oil spill in history and the largest offshore environmental disaster in the United States (Telegraph, New York Times, BBC News). It is estimatedRead MoreGulf Oil Crisis Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesApril 10, 2011, an oilrig in the Gulf of Mexico exploded. This explosion killed 11 crewmembers and caused the rig to sink to the bottom of the ocean. This caused an estimated 180-185 million gallons of oil to flow into the gulf. It wasn’t until July 15, 2010 until the oil was contained and stopped flowing. The Gulf was virtually covered in crude oil. There were many effects from this spill and many of them were environmental. 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Management Information System For The Cosmetic Business - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Management Information System For The Cosmetic Business. Answer: Introduction This report presents an idea for starting a cosmetic business in the market for commercial purpose. It also gives the organizational structure that the business would have along with the list of the departments. This report proposes a management information system for the business. It gives an overview about the information system requirement for the organization. Products: Cosmetic Products The products that the new cosmetic business will manufacture and sell are: Eye makeup: This cosmetic company will sell several products under this category of eye makeup like eye shadow, eye liner and eye mascara. Face makeup: Face blush, face compact, foundation and face mousse are the cosmetic products that the company will manufacture and sell. Lip makeup: Different categories of lip makeup like lipsticks, lip gloss and lip balms are the cosmetic products that the new company will sell. Skincare products: Night cream, anti-aging lotion, fairness cream, moisturizer and sun protection cream are the main skincare products that the new company will sell. Makeup cleansing lotions can also be sold by the company. Nail makeup: Nail paint and nail enamel removers are the two main products that this company will manufacture and sell. Customers Women and teenage girls are the target customers of this business. The cosmetic industry is one of the leading industries with huge number of customers. There are diverse cosmetic buyers. Different category of customer has different preferences. Aged women prefer anti-aging lotions, whereas the younger generations prefer skin brightening products and moisturizers. This company will also try to target men by producing skincare products for younger boys and men. Selling these cosmetic products through direct channels will help the business to reach to a larger group of audience. Departments The main departments in this organization will be: Production: This department will monitor the quality of the products. It will deal with inventory control and production scheduling as well as planning (Kerzner 2013). The other main responsibility of this department is to decide best method of production. Research and Development: The main concern of this department will be to develop new cosmetic products or to improve the current products as well as business processes. RD activities and marketing activities are interrelated. The focus of this department will be to produce better cosmetics for fulfilling the customer needs in an effective and efficient manner. Marketing Department: The main focus of this department will be to identify and satisfy customer needs at a reasonable price. The fundamental activity of this department will be to manage the 4Ps of marketing (Armstrong et al. 2015). The 4Ps are place, promotion, price and product. Finance Department: This department will be concerned about the monetary outflow and inflow. It will monitor the payroll system of the employees. Human Resource Management: The main aim of this department will be to hire the right people for the right jobs (Hendry 2012). This department will also be responsible for providing training to the employees in an effective manner. Organizational Structure Figure 1: Organizational Chart (Source: Created by author) Top level management: The responsibility of the top management will be to develop the overall objectives and policies of the organization. This management level will monitor the performance of the business and access all the information from various units and departments. The top management team will need strategic information from the entire organization for making long term decisions (Lunenburg 2012). This level will also require strategic information from outside the organization. Top level management will require information about the revenue generated in the entire organization and the sale of cosmetic products at various locations. It will also need information about the competitors for developing competitive strategy of the organization. Middle level management: The responsibility of the middle level managers is to make decisions based on various situations. They are responsible for making short range plans, budgets and schedules. This level deals with semi structured problems. Middle level executives will need summarized reports and exception reports. Middle level management will need information for carrying out analysis (Morse, Babcock and Murthy 2014). The middle level managers of the cosmetic business will need monthly or weekly reports regarding the sale of products so that they can analyze the reason behind high or low sales level and take effective decisions. Low level management: This is the operational management level. This management level is responsible for developing short range plans like weekly production and sales target. Structured decisions are taken by low level management. This management level will need operational information based on daily activities in order to find out exceptions for reporting it to the top level of management. MIS System: MIS Development Plan MIS development plan will facilitate the cosmetic business to perform in a more effective and efficient manner. MIS system implementation requires effective planning. The goal of MIS must support the organizational goals (Laudon and Laudon 2016). The development plan must be well documented for the benefit of the business. Problem definition and development strategy: The need for adopting MIS must be identified. The MIS system must be developed in such a manner so that it has a quick response time. The initial step will be to make a development strategy. The cosmetic business can select a real time development strategy (Leau et al. 2012). This business will be benefitted by using customized external resource or vendor for MIS development. Feasibility analysis: Technical and financial feasibility will be analyzed in this stage. Several alternatives will be developed and the best choice must be selected. Design: This phase will focus on the detailed architectural design of MIS. MIS will assist the middle level managers to collect data from the TPS and generate reports. Logical as well as physical designing of the MIS will be done in this phase. Implementation and programming: The design will be converted into programmable code for the purpose of implementation. Testing and installation: This phase will focus on testing the functionalities of the software. It will verify whether the software is fit for the business use. System testing will be followed by installation and system maintenance on a regular basis. Need for Information System This cosmetic business will need MIS for providing the managers with tools for organizing, evaluating and efficiently managing business operations (Laudon and Laudon 2016). This system will provide a centralized database to the management. MIS will be able to collect data from the lower level and enable the managers to generate summarized report. MIS is needed for effectively operating the inventory, financial, sales and HRM system of the business. MIS will enhance the satisfaction level of the customers (Bajdor and Grabara 2014). It is also required for providing up-to-date information for the development of effective strategies. This cosmetic business will require sales, budgeting, HRM system and inventory control management information system. MIS is required for supporting semi- structured and structured decision making by using internal information of the organization. The non functional requirement of MIS will be its strong security features, easy backup process, platform independence, simple process of data migration, flexible and high performance. MIS system will need HTTP for data transmission as it will use internet. Different organizational level will need different information systems (Willcocks 2013). The top management will need decision support system, the middle level managers will need the MIS and the low level managers will need TPS. Technology for Information System The cosmetic business can adopt SAP ERP software for the purpose of automating the flow of information and improving the effectiveness of the business. ERP system will integrate the information from various departments and store it in a centralized database (Leon 2014). This will enable the business to enhance its operational efficiency by streamlining the processes. It will also present accurate and real-time information to the managers for making effective decisions. Conclusion It can be concluded from this report that the proposed cosmetic business will need MIS for the purpose of generating more revenue and enhancing operational efficiency. This report showed the different informational need of the various management levels. It also gave an overview of the MIS development plan along with its various phases like problem definition, feasibility study, design and implementation. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Bajdor, P. and Grabara, I., 2014. The Role of Information System Flows in Fulfilling Customers Individual Orders.Journal of Studies in Social Sciences,7(2). Hendry, C., 2012.Human resource management. Routledge. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2016.Management information system. Pearson Education India. Leau, Y.B., Loo, W.K., Tham, W.Y. and Tan, S.F., 2012. Software development life cycle AGILE vs traditional approaches. InInternational Conference on Information and Network Technology(Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 162-167). Leon, A., 2014.Enterprise resource planning. McGraw-Hill Education. Lunenburg, F.C., 2012. Organizational structure: Mintzbergs framework.International journal of scholarly, academic, intellectual diversity,14(1), pp.1-8. Morse, L.C., Babcock, D.L. and Murthy, M., 2014.Managing engineering and technology. Pearson. Willcocks, L., 2013.Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. Springer.