Ticketing offices in airline company on the influx of tourist in Davao City Essay Example for Free

Tagging workplaces in carrier organization on the deluge of visitor in Davao City Essay Tagging Offices is an office of Transportation Company, dramatic or amusement endeavor or ticket organization where tickets are sold and reservation made. A Computer Reservations System or focal reservation framework (CRS) is a mechanized framework used to store and recover data and direct exchanges identified with air travel. Initially structured and worked via carriers, CRSes were later reached out for the utilization of movement offices. Significant CRS activities that book and sell tickets for numerous carriers are known as Global Distribution Systems (GDS). Aircrafts have stripped a large portion of their immediate possessions to committed GDS organizations, who make their frameworks open to shoppers through Internet entryways. Current GDSes ordinarily permit clients to book carrier tickets just as exercises and visits. Electronic Ticketing in the carrier business was conceived in around 1994. E-tagging has to a great extent supplanted the more seasoned multi-layered paper tagging frameworks, and since 1 June 2008, it has been compulsory for IATA individuals. Where paper tickets are as yet accessible, a few aircrafts charge an expense for giving paper tickets. At the point when a reservation is affirmed, the carrier tracks the booking in its PC reservations framework. Clients can print out or are given a duplicate of their e-ticket agenda receipt which contains the record locator or reservation number and the e-ticket number. It is conceivable to print various duplicates of an e-ticket agenda receipt. An airfare is the value a traveler pays so as to go via air. The sorts of tolls, rules and limitations, charges, and so forth., are largely parts that convolute the cost required for a traveler to fly starting with one spot then onto the next. Passages are frequently founded on single direction or full circle travel. Charges might be distributed, unpublished or potentially arranged passages (companies, or government offices/associations may have admissions haggled with a carrier at a lower rate). Unpublished charges are otherwise called solidified passages and are offered by consolidators and basin shops. Destinations of the Study The general goal of the examination is to decide the commitment of tagging workplaces on the convergence of traveler in Davao City. Explicitly the investigation expects to: 1. Diverse tagging workplaces in Davao City and the administrations offered 2. Discover the traveler appearance (2012-2013) in Davao City 3. Decide the upsides of tagging workplaces in Davao City. 4. Discover the inspire proposals of respondents Anticipated Output 1. Diverse tagging workplaces in Davao City and the administrations advertised. 2. Discovered the visitor appearance (2012-2013) in Davao City 3. Decided the benefits of tagging workplaces in Davao City. 4. Discovered the evoke recommendations of respondents. Extension Limitation of the Study This investigation constrained just the commitment of tagging workplaces in aircraft organization on the deluge of vacationer in Davao City, their visitor appearance 2012-2013, the upsides of the tagging workplaces and discover the evoke proposals of explorers as respondents. Time Place of the Study This examination entitled â€Å"Ticketing Offices: Its Contribution to the Influx of Tourist in Davao City† will be led in the City, Southern Mindanao, Philippines. From September to October 2013. Meaning of Terms Carrier ticket is a report, gave by an aircraft or a movement office, to affirm that an individual has bought a seat on a trip on an airplane. This record is then used to acquire a ticket, at the air terminal. At that point with the ticket and the joined ticket, the traveler is permitted to load up the airplane. There are two kinds of carrier tickets the more seasoned style with coupons currently alluded to as a paper ticket, and the now moreâ common electronic ticket typically alluded to as an e-ticket. Electronic ticket an electronic type of an aircraft ticket Influx †an appearance or section of enormous quantities of individuals or things Tourist an individual who is voyaging, particularly for delight. Tagging OFFICES: IT’S CONTRIBUTION OF THE INFUX OF TOURIST IN DAVAO CITY SHAHONEY D. DIWAN A Thesis Outline Submitted to the Department of International Hospitality, Travel and Tourism Management, College of Human Ecology and Food Sciences, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato, in Partial, Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN TRAVEL MANAGEMENT OCTOBER 2013 Republic of the Philippines College OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO Kabacan, Cotabato School OF HUMAN ECOLOGY AND FOOD SCIENCES Endorsement OF THESIS OUTLINE Name: SHAHONEY D. DIWAN Degree Sought: BS IN TRAVEL MANAGEMENT Thesis Title: TICKETING OFFICES: IT’S CONTRIBUTION OF THE INFLUX OF TOURIST IN DAVAO CITY. Endorsed BY THE GUIDANCE COMMITTEE Guide Department Statistician Date Department Chairperson Dept. Exploration Coordinator Date College Research Coordinator Dean Date Study No.: ________ Recorded by: ________ Gotten: Executive for Research Development Date Record No.: _______ Recorded by: _______ Acknowledgment The proposition layout joined here to entitled â€Å"TICKETING OFFICES: ITS CONTRIBUTION OF THE INFLUX OF TOURIST IN DAVAO CITY†, arranged and put together by SHAHONEY D. DIWAN, in incomplete satisfied of the necessities for the level of Bachelor of Science in Travel Management, is here by acknowledged. Counselor Date Acknowledged as a fractional satisfied of the prerequisites for the level of Bachelor of Science in Travel Management. Exploration Coordinator, CHEFS Date Chapter by chapter guide Fundamentals Cover sheet Endorsement of Thesis Outline Acknowledgment Sheet Chapter by chapter guide Rundown of Dummy Tables Rundown of Appendices Presentation Noteworthiness of the Study Goals of the Study Anticipated Output Extension and Limitation of the Study Time and Place of the Study Meaning of Terms Survey LITERATURE Tagging Offices MATERIALS AND METHODS Exploration Design Area of the Study Respondents of the Study Testing Procedures Exploration Instrument Information Gathering Procedure Measurable Analysis Writing CITED Addendums Rundown OF TABLES Number Title Page 1 Tagging Offices in Davao City and the administrations advertised 2 Traveler Arrival (2012-2013) 3 Preferences of Ticketing Offices 4 Inspire proposals of respondents Rundown OF FIGURES Number 1 Title The Location of Davao City Page Rundown OF APPENDICES Addendum Letter Title Page A Letter of Application for Thesis Adviser B Letter of Application for Thesis Title C Letter of Permission to the Manager/proprietor D Introductory Letter E Test Questionnaire F Timetable of Research Activities G Gantt Chart H Budgetary Requirements I Sham Tables J Handling Form Tagging Improve efficiency with straightforward, recognizable and adaptable tagging Airlines are very much aware of the need to advance deals exercises and bridle the benefit of paperless, electronic tagging. SITA’s Ticketing improves your airline’s efficiency by decreasing archive issue times via naturally creating travel records in various arrangements with negligible mistakes. Tagging additionally gives you full authority over your electronic incidental report (EMD) items. SITA’s Ticketing empowers to you use EMDs to create considerably higher incomes by selling auxiliary assistance items. Review Positive input SITA’s Ticketing lets you spare expenses and lift income with constant deals announcing innovation that showcases itemized income age records. Tagging groups forward-thinking, exact and point by point deals movement and money related reports from your whole carrier, all ticket operators and autonomous deals workplaces. e-Ticket advancement The e-ticket database is independent from the airline’s reservation database. With SITA’s Ticketing,e-tickets can be sold by the aircraft, a worldwide appropriation framework or an interline accomplice. SITA’s Ticketing makes e-tickets autonomously available and not at all like paper reports, it tracks the utilization of the ticket. Completely perfect Tagging is a piece of SITA’s Horizon portfolio and is an industry consistent stage intended for aircrafts utilizing SITA Reservations. SITA Ticketing is additionally intended to fulfill IATA’s guideline traffic records (STD) position. Advantages SITAs Ticketing gives the accompanying advantages. Sped up and more affordable traveler exchanges Improved precision and intelligibility Expanded security Expanded client maintenance Capacity to satisfy changing needs of your business condition Ensured consistence with International Air Transport Association (IATA) and Air Transport Association (ATA) norms E-tagging gives the accompanying advantages. Decreased expenses Sets aside cash by wiping out paper and postage-related expenses Advances minimal effort appropriation channels, for example, carrier Web destinations Enhances traveler taking care of with robotization for instance, utilizing stands, the Internet and cell phones Expanded efficiency and control Expands specialist efficiency by transforming call focuses into income focuses Eliminates lost and taken tickets Decreases the open doors for extortion Improved assistance conveyance Supports collusion and accomplice aircraft interline e-tagging prerequisites Ticket changes and additionally discount demands are prepared all the more effectively Supports ground dealing with choices (i.e., where your carrier is ground dealt with) Highlights Tagging offers a wide scope of highlights to improve the profitability of both tagging and monetary administration. Different ticket configurations can be produced consequently (e.g., TAT, OPTAT, ATB2, OPTATB and electronic tickets) Automated Ticket and Boarding pass 2 (ATB2) usefulness incorporates creditâ card charge structures, schedule and address cards ATB2 coupons, with encoded attractive strips, might be perused at registration and additionally used to peruse ticket information at income bookkeeping Electronic tickets might be sold by accomplice airli

Class Difference in the Renaissance and in Shakespeares As You Like It

Class Difference in the Renaissance and As You Like It   â â â â â Notions about class differentiations during the Renaissance turned out to be more vague than at some other timeframe. Numerous nations moved from a primitive to an industrialist economy, prompting a portion of the most exceedingly awful laborers' rebellions in the historical backdrop of Europe.(Aston) During the last quarter of the 1500's the conditions for societal position and position were experiencing radical changes, as the limits between the upper tip top and the nobility just as those between these gatherings and the wealthier expert classes underneath them were especially questionable. (Bailey)  There came about a term called sorts, which basically split the populace into two generally characterized classes.â There were the better sorts, which incorporated the aristocrats, respectable men, and yeomen. The meaner sorts incorporated the cultivators, craftsmans, and workers. The residents or shippers could go into either class contingent on salary, rank in the public eye, nearby notoriety, calling, and age. Residents rose in the positions because of a financial blast in national exchanging, administration ventures, fabricating organizations, and government posts. (Bailey) The working classes saw an expanded number of talented specialists and the accessibility of printed writing gave instructive advances. The customary measures of status, for example, birth, riches, occupation, political faithfulness, and way of life, just as local, strict, and proficient alliance, (Bailey) were starting to blur.  To keep up some request, Queen Elizabeth proclaimed a dress announcement in 1562. In rundown, attire was one of the essential methods through which eminence and the high society could broadcast their position and force. One coul... ...the beneficiary of property and cash. Our own specific manners of making a decision about individuals and circumstances is profoundly established in the social changes that occurred in the English Renaissance.  WORKS CITED Aston, Margaret. The Panorama of the Renaissance. New York: Abradale Press, 2000. Bailey, Amanda. Tremendous Manner: Style and the Early Modern Theater Criticism , Vol. 43, Issue III 2001. The Oxford English Dictionary. second ed. Album ROM, Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992. Ronk, Martha Clare. Finding the Visual in As You Like It, The Shakespeare Quarterly Vol. 52, Issue II, 2001. Shakespeare, William. As You Like It. The Oxford Shakespeare The Complete Works.â Ed. Stanley Wells, Gary Taylor, and William Montgomery, Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999. Divider, Wendy. For what reason Does Puck Sweep?: Fairylore, MerryWives, and Social Struggle, The Shakespeare Quarterly Vol. 52. Issue I 2001. Â

Frankenstein Book Report Free Essays

I. Creator and Author Background 1. ) Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley was conceived on August 30, 1797, and passed on February 1, 1851, at the age of fifty-four. We will compose a custom paper test on Frankenstein Book Report or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now She was naturally introduced to a group of abstract big names. Her mom, Mary Wollstonecraft, and her dad, William Godwin, were both recognized creators. Lamentably, because of the conditions of Mary Shelley’s birth, her mom passed on eleven days subsequent to bringing forth her because of puerperal fever. Her mother’s passing left Godwin to think about Mary and her three-year-old stepsister, Fanny. Mary Shelley was eighteen, not yet nineteen, when she composed Frankenstein. She began composing Frankenstein in 1816, which was that year she wedded her better half, Percy Shelley. Mary Shelley had four kids for an incredible duration. Shockingly, three of them passed on right off the bat in their lives. Her fourth kid named Percy Florence lived significantly longer than Mary herself. Of all the awfulness and agonies that Mary Shelley had experienced, there needed to have been her very own portion individual history clear in the novel. Since there were such huge numbers of passings throughout her life: her sister’s self destruction, her mother’s demise, and her three children’s passing, the beast, as I would see it, could have spoken to the afflictions and the passings that she had experienced. She may have felt like the very character she made, Victor Frankenstein, which might be the explanation she depicted the character so well. In spite of the fact that she experienced numerous passings, similar to Victor Frankenstein, I accept that she felt like the manner in which the beast had. All things considered, Mary Shelley was disregarded by her dad and her progression mother after the passing of her introduction to the world mother. She frequently felt alone and troubled similarly as the beast had. II. Gothic Novel 1. ) The components of a gothic novel can be broad, yet they all are mostly the equivalent in some shape or structure. A gothic novel ought to have some sort of puzzle or intense disposition. Some kind of powerful events ought to be some place in the story. Feelings ought to be tense for certain characters on the grounds that the characters are frequently overwhelmed by high feelings, for example, misery or fear. In numerous gothic books, there are generally females in trouble or an overwhelming male that is a danger to them. In gothic books, something many refer to as a metonymy is utilized. For instance, if there was a scene in a novel where the character is loaded up with extraordinary distress, there would be a dull and miserable rainstorm. The jargon of a gothic novel can likewise assume a gigantic job. There are a few words in a gothic novel that are utilized all the time. Anguish and sad are exceptionally mainstream words used to speak to bitterness, so well known, truth be told, that they were utilized over and again in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. It is said that the main gothic novel started in 1764 when the novel The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole was composed. The word â€Å"goth† initially originated from a Germanic clan. The Romans viewed goths as unrefined and unsophisticated. Considering the significance of the word Goth is an individual of no refinement, the Romans were right on target. Since there is a type of otherworldly creatures or events in gothic books, Frankenstein unquestionably falls into the gothic writing class. Frankenstein fits since Victor Frankenstein made his beast out of dead people’s body parts and breathed life into it. In Gothic books there are typically awful components of dread. In the novel, Frankenstein, the beast imparts dread in individuals as a result of his dangers to Victor and the homicides he submitted. Indeed, two of the individuals the beast executed comprised of a guileless kid and an honest lady. III. Sentimental Novel 1. ) Romantic books typically comprise of various components and attributes. There is normally an incredible love between characters. It is generally a staggering feeling for the character. Love happened in Frankenstein among Victor and Elizabeth since they needed to get hitched and be as one. By and large the darlings need to part in view of some obstruction or occasion that happens. Victor and Elizabeth were in reality separated after Victor left to go to Ingolstadt to do examine about various philosophical investigations. Considering most sentimental books happen in an outside setting. Frankenstein fits the trademark, the nations that Frankenstein visits are interested and far off. The beast in Frankenstein sets up a component normally found in Romantic books when he compromises Victor by revealing to him he will be with him on his wedding night. Elizabeth wound up as an objective and was slaughtered due to the monster’s retribution towards Victor. This set feelings off, which is a famous trademark in Romantic books. The beast is additionally odd and uncommon particularly in its appearance and knowledge. Frankenstein’s beast isn't something that would be experienced all the time and it isn't truly convincing. IV. Structure Story 1. ) In the start of the novel, Captain Walton is composing letters to his sister so as to illuminate her about the things he had experienced on his journey. He â€Å"frames† the story since he sets out the makings of how Victor Frankenstein will be recounting to his story. Chief Walton advises the peruser that he begins to get partial to Victor and he could tell he had experienced some tough occasions that had almost depleted him. 2. Beginning at Chapter 1, the story is told by Victor Frankenstein. He is edifying Captain Walton by revealing to him his pitiful and agonizing story of his past. 3. ) At Chapter 11, the third story was told by in all honesty the beast himself. His story was confined by Victor’s story since it had occurred during a similar period that Victor thought he had disposed of the beast. 4. ) Towards the finish of the novel, after Victor is done with recounting to his story to the commander, he bites the dust. This proceeds with the structure of the fundamental story since it happens after the story is told. The epic gets done with the story being told from Captain Walton’s perspective. He completes his story similarly as he began it; he keeps on keeping in touch with his sister informing her concerning his considerations and sentiments of Victor Frankenstein and his beast. V. Doppelganger 1. ) There are numerous prospects why Frankenstein would need the passing of his darling loved ones. Victor is as a lot of a beast as the thing he made. A. Victor had the information on William’s passing and he knew who the killer was. It was as though he needed the beast to keep slaughtering his family. He never made a decent attempt so as to dispose of the beast he had made. William was nearly, as it were, Victor’s approach to torment himself for making the beast. William may have caused the passing of Victor’s mother; this may have been an explanation behind Frankenstein needing the demise of William. B. Justine kicked the bucket since she had been set up by Victor’s mystery. Justine could have lived, yet all together for her vindication, Victor needed to come clean and stop the threat. Justine had consistently been in the family and she had so frequently been acknowledged and cherished by Victor’s family. Which might be the reason Victor thought it was better beyond words. C. Clerval kicked the bucket since Victor couldn't admit to himself that he was the explanation that William and Justine both were slaughtered. They could have been saved if Victor wasn’t so mysterious and manipulative towards his loved ones. Clerval was one of the main ones who had any thought regarding what sort of trials and studies Frankenstein had been organizing. Victor might not have needed Clerval to tell his loved ones of what he was doing. D. Elizabeth kicked the bucket since Victor didn’t need to make a female for the beast. The beast needed acknowledgment more than anything other than Victor wouldn’t help him. Elizabeth kicked the bucket in light of Victor’s fraud and rejection towards his own creation. He didn’t even secure Elizabeth after the beast disclosed to him he would be with him on his wedding night. Elizabeth’s demise may have been a route for Victor to remain quiet about her. In the event that she was dead, at that point nobody else could have her, particularly not the beast. E. Victor’s father kicked the bucket since Victor couldn’t go to the self-acknowledgment that he was a narcissistic and childish individual who was accusing the entirety of the homicides for the beast, when, as a general rule, Frankenstein was the genuine explanation that such a significant number of individuals were harmed. Victor may have needed the passing of his dad since he accepted that his dad could have accomplished more to spare his mom. VI. Implications 1. ) The Greek legend of â€Å"Prometheus† has an association and likenesses to Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Prometheus was one of the Titan divine beings. He needed to make a being which had the option to â€Å"absorb spirit†, and Prometheus took mud and water and molded people as per the picture of the divine beings. After another god named Athena revived his work, they woke up. Sadly, Zeus and some kindred divine beings got some answers concerning the creatures and needed the people to love the divine beings. The divine beings vowed to deal with the individuals on the off chance that they worshiped the divine beings and did what they were advised so as to be ensured. Prometheus went to Zeus as a watcher of the people to ensure that the conditions would not be excessively hard. Be that as it may, he deceived Zeus. Due to Prometheus’s fraud, Zeus rebuffed the people with misery and ailment and rejected them the fundamental fire. This didn't agree with Prometheus, so he took a bit of the sun and carried the fire to the people and therefore, Zeus got extremely furious and had Prometheus tormented. After the perusing of this fantasy, there was no uncertainty that Prometheus had an association with Frankenstein. Both Prometheus and Frankenstein went excessively far without contemplating the

History of Astronomy - 4015 Words

HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, and astrological practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World . In some cultures astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication. Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively fixed over the centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short time. Early history Early cultures identified celestial objects with†¦show more content†¦The original mechanism is displayed in the Bronze collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, accompanied by a replica. India Ancient Indian astrology is based upon sidereal calculation. The sidereal astronomy is based upon the stars and the sidereal period is the time that it takes the object to make one full orbit around the Sun, relative to the stars. It can be traced to the final centuries BC with the Vedanga Jyotisha attributed to Lagadha, one of the circum-Vedic texts, which describes rules for tracking the motions of the Sun and the Moon for the purposes of ritual. After formation of Indo-Greekkingdoms, Indian astronomy was influenced by Hellenistic astronomy (adopting the zodiacal signs or rÄ Ã…›is). Identical numerical computations for lunar cycles have been found to be used in India and in early Babylonian texts.[11] Astronomy was advanced during the Sunga Empire and many star catalogues were produced during this time. The Sunga period is known as the Golden age of astronomy in India. China The astronomy of East Asia began in China. Solar term was completed in Warring States Period. The knowledge of Chinese astronomy was introduced into East Asia. Astronomy in China has a long history. Detailed records of astronomical observations were kept from about the 6th century BC,Show MoreRelatedEver since the beginning of time there have been stars. Not only stars in the sky, but moons,1700 Words   |  7 Pagesstars. Not only stars in the sky, but moons, planets, and even galaxies! Astronomy is defined as the branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole. In other words it is the study of space, planets, and stars. Throughout the ages, many people have used astronomy to help them learn about the universe, our own planet, and even make predictions about life itself. Understanding astronomy means understanding where it originated, the different groups/culturesRead MoreEssay on Johannes Kepler1478 Words   |  6 Pagesthe planets as having small spherical orbits called epicycles (â€Å"Astronomy† 2). Kepler is best known for introducing three effectual, applicable and valid laws of planetary motion by using the precise data he had developed from Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer, which helped Copernicus’s theory of the solar system gain universal reception (â€Å"Johan Kepler† 1). Nevertheless, he had made further effective contributions in the field of astronomy, which are valid to society and were used to change how the universeRead MoreA Critical Review of the Introduction (pp.xi-xvi) to Cumont, Franz, Astrology Among The Greeks and Romans, New York: Dover Publications 1960 (1911)1092 Words   |  5 Pagessprang from the same stock and mingled its branches with it†.6 However, in ‘Greek Astronomy and Its Debt to the Babylonians author Leonard W. Clarke, claimed that observation and research work of the cosmos had been taking place over many centuries in many other places and before the Ancient Greeks. Therefore, without this prior research Clarke argues, ‘much of the contribution to astronomy made by the later Greeks would have been seriously reduced’.7 This is also the caseRead MoreAbu al-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruri Essay2360 Words   |  10 Pageswas a Persian-Khwarezmian Muslim scholar and polymath. He was born in 973 and his contributions to science made him one of the greatest Muslim scientists and astronomers. He was well versed in physics, mathematics, geography, history, ethnography, anthropology and astronomy. During his time of becoming a great polymath, he survived some unusual political changes such as change of six princes. There is not enough information about his early life available but from what it is known; khwarezm was locatedRead MoreTycho Brahe Essay2637 Words   |  11 PagesTycho Brahe is remembered for many things: his golden nose, his ignominious death, and his famous last words. All of these things have gone down in history. However, Tycho Brahe was well-known in his time as a respected and well-paid astronomer. His observations were second to none. He was unsatisfiable and meticulous in his profe ssion, building two of the finest observatories of his time, the second because the first was not up to his own high standards. He is still regarded as one of the best naked-eyeRead MoreThe Heliocentric Theory vs. The Catholic Church Essay2163 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Renaissance, many began to toss aside medieval preoccupations with supernatural forces and turned to secular concerns. (Yamasaki, p.50) During this time, people began to think for themselves and ponder truths through philosophy, science, astronomy, astrology, etc. Philosophers minds began to turn, the human mind was finally awake. At the time, the thought of heavenly bodies being divine, and stars being eternal objects in unchanging motion were common knowledge. A philosopher, scientsitRead MoreThe Catholic Church And The Copernican Revolution2463 Words   |  10 Pagesonce the â€Å"Theories of Copernicus† were confirmed with indisputable evidence. In this paper, I will first evaluate the history about how â€Å"Copernican Theory† and its model of the earth came into existence. I will also analyze the â€Å"Copernican Theory† in light of Churches idea of the earth being flat. I will ultimately argue that Nicolaus Copernicus played an important role in the history of Philosophy of Science. The Copernican Revolution involves the exchange of a â€Å"geocentric† worldview to a â€Å"heliocentric†Read MoreThe History and Factors Leading to Copernican Revolution1663 Words   |  7 Pagesto the planet. These three laws are still commonly used today. With the use of the telescope Galileo was able to provide pivotal evidence for the Copernican Revolution in the early 1600s. Galileo was the first person to use the telescope for astronomy. He was able discover that the sun rotated on an axis by observing the motion of sunspots. By this discovery he concluded that it was very probable that the earth also rotated on an axis. Along with observing the sun Galileo also observed JupiterRead MoreEssay about HIstory of Astronomy and Neptune2615 Words   |  11 Pagesfully understand what is happening in the world around you. These things are what you need to know, if you’re a scientists, to a grocery shop bagger. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ptolemy was a Greek man who became the man to set the future for astronomy. He was the third of the Alexandrian men, this group of scientists and mathematicians taught Alexander and his generals themselves. Living around 150 A.D., and being one of the Alexandrian men, he had access to knowledge no one at the time had. FromRead MoreHow was the Gupta Empire (India) scientifically advanced? Describes scientific achievements of the time.1594 Words   |  7 Pagesmathematics, and astronomy that made the empire scientifically advanced. Many people fail to realize that countless things mistaken for solely modern-day science, for example, plastic surgery, existed centuries ago. Here, the technologies of the Gupta Empire (320-467), such as the development of a more accurate value for pi, the perfection of the modern numeral and decimal system; surgery, inoculation, the formulation of medical guides and a better calendar; and lunar astronomy, will be discussed

Analysis Of Ethical Decision And Scandal - 1429 Words

Analysis of ethical reaction to scandal Introduction The reputation of an organization is crucial. Therefore, being a leader of an organization has to be able to react efficiently and effectively when there is a threat to organization’s reputation. Occasionally, a leader has to face a dilemma, whereby one has to decide how to deal with the scandals in the organizations. On one hand, some organizations treat their customers as a mean to gather the profits. On the other hand, other organizations regard their customers as an end, whereby the organizations really consider about customers’ interests as an ultimate goal of their services. Nonetheless, only the companies that mad the ethical actions survived. Lacking a focus on the welfare of their customers, some propaganda techniques, aiming to cover up the scandals, usually don’t work well. Instead, successful public relationship management techniques generally treat their customers’ welfare as an end not just a mean. For example, a successful crisis management usually contains the honesty and quick reaction. Enron Corporation is a great example to illustrate how damaging it is if company leaders try to hide up the scandals and lie to the public. From Kant’s perspective, customers, who are human beings objected to the service provided by organizations, should be treated with dignity, as â€Å"every rational being exists as an end in himself and not merely as a means to be arbitrarily used by this or that will† (Kant 428). Indeed,Show MoreRelatedEthical Discernment: The Adelphia Scandal1655 Words   |  7 PagesEthical discernment Adelphia scandal Statistical analysis This paper relies on secondary data on a past phenomenon. It combines data from journal and other internet sources to bring out aspects of unethical behavior by Adelphias top executive. The analysis of data takes two ethical frameworks. Ethics involve an individuals moral judgments concerning what is right and/or wrong. Individuals or groups of people are responsible for making decisions in an organization (shaw, 2008). Decisions withinRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1064 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, business ethics can be defined as moral principles of a business. It examines moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. Generally, it has both normative and descriptive dimensions. Organization practice and career specialization are regarded as normative whereas academics attempting to understand business behaviour are regarded as descriptive. It seeks to provide ethical insight and guidance to individuals in business, business organizations, and to the society. ItRead MoreThe Fall Of Major Telecommunications Company Onetel And Enron1319 Words   |  6 Pagesmorals and lacking strong work ethics. If even a major corporation can fall into this â€Å"trap†, then avoiding doesn’ t sound easy, although accountants can easily avoid scandals by following a precise set of given rules and ethics. OneTel and Enron are prime examples which demonstrate the danger when a business is faced with an accounting scandal - which in turn could have been avoided. The fall of major telecommunications company OneTel came as a huge shock, many fell victim to this. The fall of OneTelRead MoreFinancial Collapse : The And Enron1320 Words   |  6 Pagesmorals and lacking strong work ethics. If even a major corporation can fall into this â€Å"trap†, then avoiding doesn’t sound easy, although accountants can easily avoid scandals by following a precise set of given rules and ethics. OneTel and Enron are prime examples which demonstrate the danger when a business is faced with an accounting scandal - which in turn could have been avoided. The fall of major telecommunications company OneTel came as a huge shock, many fell victim to this. The fall of OneTelRead MoreSiemens Ag Bribery1261 Words   |  6 PagesSiemens AG Bribery Scandal This paper will focus on the analysis of the well-known and popular bribery scandal in the world, such as Siemens AG Bribery Scandal which occurred in November, 2006. Siemens AG is one of the largest and most popular electrical engineering companies operated in the world. The present company was founded in 1847 in Berlin and is now headquartered in Munich, Germany. The discussion and the proper analysis of this bribery scandal will help to learn many effective lessonsRead MoreThe Basics Of Accounting For Small Businesses1472 Words   |  6 Pagesthem. A portion of business ethics is being transparent and allowing your reports to truthfully represent the financial position of your business. According to the article, â€Å"The Basics of Accounting for Small Businesses,† a financial report is an analysis of the financial data recorded in the books by a business. There are many types of financial reports, such as a balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and statement of retained earnings. A balance sheet is a report that presentsRead MoreThe International Council On Clean Transportation1395 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: Business Ethics 1 Business Ethics 2 Discussion Board Forum 1 - Volkswagen Scandal Rachelle Sepich Liberty University Volkswagen Scandal Overview In 2013, the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) began conducting ?on-road emission tests for cars?. The investigation on Volkswagen identified the emission levels were nearly 40% higher than the defined limits (Jung Park, 2017). Ultimately in 2015, Volkswagen publicized a recall of more than 450Read MoreThe Ethics Of The Ethical Issues1603 Words   |  7 Pages When we look at the ethical issues, we can stream them into two categories that are the funder’s perspective and Livestrong’s perspective. The funders are in a dilemma whether they shouldcontinue funding and supporting the organization which in way has become so popular because of Lance Armstrong. Also, the other major point of discussion is whether it isethical for the funders to ask for their money to be returned considering the fact that the scandal took place in Lance Armstrong’s personal lifeRead MoreThe Nkf Scandal1426 Words   |  6 PagesOct ‘10 Nanyang Technological University[Type the company address] Yi Theng Lim Organization Behavior amp; Design Case Ethical Analysis NKF Singapore: Anatomy of a Crisis 08 Fall Introduction In July 2005, Singapore was shaken by a scandal involving the National Kidney Foundation (NKF), the nation’s largest charity. The scandal had surfaced many ethically controversial practices by NKF. In this paper, I will be focusing on the dilemmas surrounding NKF’S operations structureRead MoreManaging Human Resources1816 Words   |  7 PagesDATE: 1 December 2012. SUBJECT: Alternatives to address the Faulty Whistle. Organization business plan could not occur without integrity, and implementation of high-level ethical consideration enhances company value and market competitive advantages. The company needs to take immediate decision with regard to the ethical consideration to enhance organization market advantages. Three alternatives have been identified to address the problem regarding the whistle. First alternative is to ask the

Effects Of The Oil Spill On The Gulf Of Mexico - 1112 Words

Many people wonder what actually happens to the animals when the oil spill happens. This oil spill happened five years ago and nearly 5 barrels of oil was spilt into the Gulf of Mexico. The oil spill was caused from an explosion through the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig about 40 miles off the coast of Louisiana. The main effect from this oil spill was the losses of the animals. Causing many to almost go extinct. As a result from the oil spill the earth has had—losses from pollution, the cost, and the damage of people. The first effect of the oil spill is many losses from pollution caused by the BP Oil Spill. Such as all the animals that were endangered by the oil. Their environment was being intruded by the 4.9 barrels of oil that was†¦show more content†¦A known species of birds- brown pelican, white pelican, and laughing gulls- were found to be decreased by 800,000. A 2012 study determined that white pelicans that had migrated from the gulf to Minnesota to breed were producing eggs that contained discernible amounts of compounds that were traceable to the BP spill. Eggs containing traces of contaminants were found in Iowa and Illinois as well (Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010). Animals that were found alive in the wake of the spill were transported to rehabilitation centres and, after being cleaned and medically evaluated, were released into oil-free areas. Concerns about the offspring of sea turtles that nested on the gulf coasts of Alabama and Florida led wildlife officials to dig up thousands of eggs and hatch them in a warehouse for later release on the Atlantic coast. By late 2012 some 1,700 turtles had been found dead. A long-term satellite tracking study released in May 2013 showed that the endangered Kemp’s ridley sea turtle was likely severely affected, as its preferred foraging territory was within the area damaged by the spill. It was estimated that up to 65,000 imperiled turtles had died during 2010 alone, mostly as a result of oil contamination. It was also estimated that some 300,000 turtles, some of which were originally from breeding populations in other parts of the world, were in the region of the spill when it occurred, leading scientists to point out the global impactsShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Issues and Ethical Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Explosion and British Petroleum Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico 20101542 Words   |  7 PagesBP Gulf Oil Spill 1 Running Head: BP GULF OIL SPILL The Legal Issues and Ethical Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Explosion and British Petroleum Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico 2010 Terry D. Bollman Park University BP Gulf Oil Spill 2 British Petroleum’s Roll in the Gulf Oil Spill This paper will explain some of the effects of three legal issues and three ethical issues surrounding the London-based British Petroleum Company’s involvement in the explosion of the offshore oilRead MorePollution : Why Is It Important?1288 Words   |  6 PagesImportant? Oil spills are difficult to clean up in the Gulf of Mexico. Spills like BP’s 4.9 million barrels spill are even harder to clean up. One of the reasons for this difficult task is that oil spills are never alike. It is estimated that approximately 706 million gallons of oil enter the ocean every year. Offshore drilling and production operations and spills from ships or tankers typically contribute less than 8 percent of the total that enter the ocean each year. The majority of the oil enteringRead MoreThe Deepwater Horizon Mobile Offshore Wells Exploratory Platforms1537 Words   |  7 Pagesnear the Gulf of Mexico, operated by British Petroleum, on April 20, 2010, or known as BP oil spill. The BP oil catastrophe ignited due to high-pressure methane gas by drilling a deep exploratory at Macondo well, reported by Up Stream Online news. The Gulf of Mexico oil spill still outlasts as a great size accidental marine oil spill in the records of the petroleum industry. The date, report details, and location were based on a doctrine of New York Times. Multiple consequences of BP oil spill includeRead More Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on the Environment1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe Deepwater Horizon spill occurred on 20 April 2010 and was caused by an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig that killed 11 workers and injured 17 more. The drilling rig, located 66 kilometers southeast of the Louisiana coast, left an oil gusher that was finally capped on July 15, almost 2 months later. This was the largest accidental marine oil spill in history and the largest offshore environmental disaster in the United States (Telegraph, New York Times, BBC News). It is estimatedRead MoreGulf Oil Crisis Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesApril 10, 2011, an oilrig in the Gulf of Mexico exploded. This explosion killed 11 crewmembers and caused the rig to sink to the bottom of the ocean. This caused an estimated 180-185 million gallons of oil to flow into the gulf. It wasn’t until July 15, 2010 until the oil was contained and stopped flowing. The Gulf was virtually covered in crude oil. There were many effects from this spill and many of them were environmental. Animals had to swim through this oil and birds that landed in it wereRead MoreImpact Of The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill During The Gulf Of Mexico On The Local Environment1501 Words   |  7 PagesCASE STUDY IMPACT OF THE DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL IN THE GULF OF MEXICO ON THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT INTRODUCTION The Gulf of Mexico covers an area of 600,000 square miles and is located between Mexico, Cuba and the United States (Tunell, 2011). Home to 15,419 recorded marine species; the Gulf of Mexico boasts a dynamic ecosystem, which includes 1511 endemic species. The position of the gulf between temperate and tropical waters provides one of the reasons for its vast biodiversity (Campagna et alRead MoreThe Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico1155 Words   |  5 Pagesseawater of the Gulf of Mexico on the 20th of April 2010. More than 11 workers lost their lives. After this incident, tons and tons of oil gushed from the main opening of the well, buried 1600 meters below the sea level. Necessary steps have been taken to take control on the spill but still there is much to handle when it comes to the consistent danger being faced by the environment. The main culprit ingredient of the incident is the petroleum posing a number of disastrous effects to the environmentRead MoreOil And Gas Reservoir And Traps1706 Words   |  7 PagesOil and Gas Reservoir and Traps Since the mass of oil and gas are less than the rocks, the oil and gas formed in the deep source rock always migrate upwards, trying to reach the surface and seeps out into land or water. After the oil and gas formed in the source rock, the pressure applied on the rock tried to squeeze out the oil out of rock and move upwards, they could travel along any pathways such as open faults and fractures. Therefore, eventually oil and gas stop travelling and reserved in whatRead MoreBp Oil Explosion in the Gulf of Mexico1412 Words   |  6 Pagesits worst oil spill disasters in the history of marine petroleum exploration. A deadly oil well blowout at Macondo Prospect, about 41 miles off the southeast coast of Louisiana, spewed huge quantities of oil for 87 long days causing major environmental and economic troubles to the Gulf region (Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill). It started with a fire and explosion, killing 11 workers, and then unleashed a slow motion disaster that spread across the 600 mile gulf coastline. The massive oil spill disruptedRead MoreBP Oil Spill Crisis Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesBP Oil Spill Crisis The Deepwater Horizon was a nine year old, ultra-deepwater, dynamically positioned, semi-submersible, offshore drilling rig built in South Korea. In 2008, British Petroleum (BP) leased it from Transocean to drill for oil in the Gulf Coast. In September 2009, the rig drilled the deepest oil well in history at a depth of 35,055-feet. On April 20, 2010 while drilling the rig exploded at 9:45PM (CST), killing eleven workers and injuring seventeen others. It was caused when methane

Management Information System For The Cosmetic Business - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Management Information System For The Cosmetic Business. Answer: Introduction This report presents an idea for starting a cosmetic business in the market for commercial purpose. It also gives the organizational structure that the business would have along with the list of the departments. This report proposes a management information system for the business. It gives an overview about the information system requirement for the organization. Products: Cosmetic Products The products that the new cosmetic business will manufacture and sell are: Eye makeup: This cosmetic company will sell several products under this category of eye makeup like eye shadow, eye liner and eye mascara. Face makeup: Face blush, face compact, foundation and face mousse are the cosmetic products that the company will manufacture and sell. Lip makeup: Different categories of lip makeup like lipsticks, lip gloss and lip balms are the cosmetic products that the new company will sell. Skincare products: Night cream, anti-aging lotion, fairness cream, moisturizer and sun protection cream are the main skincare products that the new company will sell. Makeup cleansing lotions can also be sold by the company. Nail makeup: Nail paint and nail enamel removers are the two main products that this company will manufacture and sell. Customers Women and teenage girls are the target customers of this business. The cosmetic industry is one of the leading industries with huge number of customers. There are diverse cosmetic buyers. Different category of customer has different preferences. Aged women prefer anti-aging lotions, whereas the younger generations prefer skin brightening products and moisturizers. This company will also try to target men by producing skincare products for younger boys and men. Selling these cosmetic products through direct channels will help the business to reach to a larger group of audience. Departments The main departments in this organization will be: Production: This department will monitor the quality of the products. It will deal with inventory control and production scheduling as well as planning (Kerzner 2013). The other main responsibility of this department is to decide best method of production. Research and Development: The main concern of this department will be to develop new cosmetic products or to improve the current products as well as business processes. RD activities and marketing activities are interrelated. The focus of this department will be to produce better cosmetics for fulfilling the customer needs in an effective and efficient manner. Marketing Department: The main focus of this department will be to identify and satisfy customer needs at a reasonable price. The fundamental activity of this department will be to manage the 4Ps of marketing (Armstrong et al. 2015). The 4Ps are place, promotion, price and product. Finance Department: This department will be concerned about the monetary outflow and inflow. It will monitor the payroll system of the employees. Human Resource Management: The main aim of this department will be to hire the right people for the right jobs (Hendry 2012). This department will also be responsible for providing training to the employees in an effective manner. Organizational Structure Figure 1: Organizational Chart (Source: Created by author) Top level management: The responsibility of the top management will be to develop the overall objectives and policies of the organization. This management level will monitor the performance of the business and access all the information from various units and departments. The top management team will need strategic information from the entire organization for making long term decisions (Lunenburg 2012). This level will also require strategic information from outside the organization. Top level management will require information about the revenue generated in the entire organization and the sale of cosmetic products at various locations. It will also need information about the competitors for developing competitive strategy of the organization. Middle level management: The responsibility of the middle level managers is to make decisions based on various situations. They are responsible for making short range plans, budgets and schedules. This level deals with semi structured problems. Middle level executives will need summarized reports and exception reports. Middle level management will need information for carrying out analysis (Morse, Babcock and Murthy 2014). The middle level managers of the cosmetic business will need monthly or weekly reports regarding the sale of products so that they can analyze the reason behind high or low sales level and take effective decisions. Low level management: This is the operational management level. This management level is responsible for developing short range plans like weekly production and sales target. Structured decisions are taken by low level management. This management level will need operational information based on daily activities in order to find out exceptions for reporting it to the top level of management. MIS System: MIS Development Plan MIS development plan will facilitate the cosmetic business to perform in a more effective and efficient manner. MIS system implementation requires effective planning. The goal of MIS must support the organizational goals (Laudon and Laudon 2016). The development plan must be well documented for the benefit of the business. Problem definition and development strategy: The need for adopting MIS must be identified. The MIS system must be developed in such a manner so that it has a quick response time. The initial step will be to make a development strategy. The cosmetic business can select a real time development strategy (Leau et al. 2012). This business will be benefitted by using customized external resource or vendor for MIS development. Feasibility analysis: Technical and financial feasibility will be analyzed in this stage. Several alternatives will be developed and the best choice must be selected. Design: This phase will focus on the detailed architectural design of MIS. MIS will assist the middle level managers to collect data from the TPS and generate reports. Logical as well as physical designing of the MIS will be done in this phase. Implementation and programming: The design will be converted into programmable code for the purpose of implementation. Testing and installation: This phase will focus on testing the functionalities of the software. It will verify whether the software is fit for the business use. System testing will be followed by installation and system maintenance on a regular basis. Need for Information System This cosmetic business will need MIS for providing the managers with tools for organizing, evaluating and efficiently managing business operations (Laudon and Laudon 2016). This system will provide a centralized database to the management. MIS will be able to collect data from the lower level and enable the managers to generate summarized report. MIS is needed for effectively operating the inventory, financial, sales and HRM system of the business. MIS will enhance the satisfaction level of the customers (Bajdor and Grabara 2014). It is also required for providing up-to-date information for the development of effective strategies. This cosmetic business will require sales, budgeting, HRM system and inventory control management information system. MIS is required for supporting semi- structured and structured decision making by using internal information of the organization. The non functional requirement of MIS will be its strong security features, easy backup process, platform independence, simple process of data migration, flexible and high performance. MIS system will need HTTP for data transmission as it will use internet. Different organizational level will need different information systems (Willcocks 2013). The top management will need decision support system, the middle level managers will need the MIS and the low level managers will need TPS. Technology for Information System The cosmetic business can adopt SAP ERP software for the purpose of automating the flow of information and improving the effectiveness of the business. ERP system will integrate the information from various departments and store it in a centralized database (Leon 2014). This will enable the business to enhance its operational efficiency by streamlining the processes. It will also present accurate and real-time information to the managers for making effective decisions. Conclusion It can be concluded from this report that the proposed cosmetic business will need MIS for the purpose of generating more revenue and enhancing operational efficiency. This report showed the different informational need of the various management levels. It also gave an overview of the MIS development plan along with its various phases like problem definition, feasibility study, design and implementation. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Bajdor, P. and Grabara, I., 2014. The Role of Information System Flows in Fulfilling Customers Individual Orders.Journal of Studies in Social Sciences,7(2). Hendry, C., 2012.Human resource management. Routledge. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2016.Management information system. Pearson Education India. Leau, Y.B., Loo, W.K., Tham, W.Y. and Tan, S.F., 2012. Software development life cycle AGILE vs traditional approaches. InInternational Conference on Information and Network Technology(Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 162-167). Leon, A., 2014.Enterprise resource planning. McGraw-Hill Education. Lunenburg, F.C., 2012. Organizational structure: Mintzbergs framework.International journal of scholarly, academic, intellectual diversity,14(1), pp.1-8. Morse, L.C., Babcock, D.L. and Murthy, M., 2014.Managing engineering and technology. Pearson. Willcocks, L., 2013.Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. Springer.

Best ACT Math Practice Tests How to Find and Use Them

Best ACT Math Practice Tests How to Find and Use Them SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Whatever your ACT Math prep plan, whether you’re doing self-study, a class, or working with a tutor, you need to be working with real ACT Math practice materials. The ACT Math test will be unlike any other Math test you’ve taken. You need to work with the real material to get used to the pacing and style of this unique test. In this short guide, I’ll let you know where to find free and paid official ACT Math practice tests. Best ACT Math Practice - Free and Official These tests are totally free. We've gathered together all of them in one place for your convenience. ACT Math Free Online Sample Test This test format can be a little clunky to use, but it's convenient and online. Answer all choices on the page. Then, click answer at the bottom to see the answers to the question. Once you’ve checked your answers, you’ll be able to move on to the next page.There are 12 questions per page with five pages for a total of 60 questions (just like the real ACT Math section which has 60 questions). To keep the timing realistic, I recommend that you give yourself 12 minutes per page (which is 1 minute per question) since you get 60 minutes for 60 questions on the actual ACT Math section. Take as much time as you need to check your answers on the given page. Then, move on to the next page and give yourself another 12 minutes. PDFs: ACT Practice Test 2015-2016 (Form 72CPRE):Math Section Pages 24-31, Answers Page 57 ACT Practice Test 2014-15 (Form 67C):Math Section Pages 24-31, Answers Page 56 ACT Practice Test 20-12 (Form 64E):Math Section Pages 26-33, Answers Page 61 ACT Practice Test 2008-09 (Form 61C):Math Section Pages 26-33, Answers Page 61 ACT Practice Test 2005-06 (Form 59F):Math Section Pages 26-33, Answers Page 61 You might notice a few years are missing, and that's because the ACT duplicates the same test in different years. For example, the 2013-14 test is identical to the 2014-15 test. We've included the Form ID with each test so that you can check this for yourself (you can see the Form ID in the bottom left of each page on the test). Best ACT Math Practice - Paid and Official While studying for the ACT Math section, you’ll want more than six official ACT practice tests.I highly recommend The Real ACT 3rd Edition. The book only costs about $20, and it’s got five official Math practice tests. The book is written by the makers of the ACT, so it’s the real deal.Don't both buying Kaplan or Princeton Review for practice tests - their quality is far inferior to the tests put out by the ACT. If you want to get in a couple more practice ACT Math tests, I also recommend the ACT Online Program, though it’s less cost effective at $25 for two extra practice tests.It also includes an online prep program, but it’s not good. If you make the purchase, just do it the practice tests, if you need it. The ACT Math practice possibilities are (near) endless! Other ACT Math Materials In general, I recommend against using any ACT Math practice tests that were not written by the ACT as theywon’t providerealistic practice.You want to use real practice materials so that you ensure you’re taking tests that reflect the actual content and difficulty of the real ACT. If you take practices tests made by other companies, they may be more or less difficult and may not include all of the content on the real ACT.However,unofficial tests can be a great way to practicemath skills if not trying to practiceACT-style questions. ACTMath, more than any other section, is based on knowing the math content, so having plenty of materials to practice the different math skills required is important and bad formatting doesn't matter as much. Check out our massive collection of ACTstudy material for some official and unofficial tests. If you still want more ACT study material, check out our guide to the best ACT prep books. How to Use These ACT Math Practice Tests in Your Prep Even if you purchase all of the real ACT Math practice tests, you will only have 13, and each one of these tests will take you an hour, so you want to make sure you get the most out of each one. Here are my top three tips to best use your ACT Math practice tests: Tip #1:Take Math Practice Tests Under Realistic Conditions Take the math section in one sitting with accurate timing. Use a watch to time the one-hour math section. Sit for the full hour! It’s not that long! You need to sit for the full test so that you get used to the timing and learn to pace yourself. You only get 60 minutes for 60 questions. The questions progress from easy to hard.You’ll need to work on spending less thana minute per question on the first part of the ACT Math section so that you have a little more than a minute per question to answer the harder questions at the end of the Math section. Do not give yourself any extra time.This can allow you to do extra questions and improve your score. We want to use these practice tests as reliable indicators of your real score so stick to the real timing. NOTE: realistic practice means obeying all of the rules of the test. You're only allowed to have your calculator for the math section. You should not have your phone out. You should be using a pencil. Read our full guide to realistic practice. Tip #2: Review Your Mistakes When you finish your Math practice tests, score your Math test.Look at every mistake you made and try to figure out where you went wrong.If you skip this step, you're not going to learn from your mistakes, and you'll continue making them over and over again. I recommend spending at least 30 minutes to an hour reviewing your ACT math test.It may seem like a lot of time, but it’s necessary to take this time so that you learn from your mistakes.It’s better for you to take three ACT Math practice tests with detailed review than six with no review. Think quality over quantity! Tip #3: Supplement With Skill Work There are some students who can see improvement in ACT math by just taking practice tests and familiarizing themselves with the pace and style, but that is rare. The majority ofstudents need to do a more in-depth review of math skillsthat they might have forgotten, never learned, or never quite mastered. If you find you're not improving on your practice tests, I recommend that you look atour individual Math content guides. These articles tacklespecific math subject areas (i.e. Linear Equations, Trigonometry, etc.) that you need to know to succeed on the ACT Math section. When you review your first practice test, figure out the reason you got each math question wrong:was it due to misreading a question? Or not knowing the content?If you didn't know the content necessary tosolve the question, then you need to review that content! Tip #4: Get Additional Help If You Need It! If you’re not improving your score, you should supplement the practice tests with extra prep work, either a tutor, class, book (such as the ones linked to above) or a program.While some students may be able to learn from their mistakes on practice tests, the majority need additional guidance to point out their weaknesses and to help them improve. However, a good prep program should be personalized to your needs, focusing on your area of weakness while not wasting your time covering topics that you’ve already mastered. What’s Next? Now that you know where to find ACT Math practice tests, you might want to take a look at our ACT math guides to help you study any individual ACT math topic from ratios to rotations, points to probabilities;we've got you covered. Stuck on an ACT math problem? Whether you're stuck on a study guide, a practice test, or you're worried about getting stuck on test day, don't sweat it. We'll show you how to figure out when you're really stuck and what to do about it. Need more help with ACT Math? We've compiled the best ACT Math guides into one ultimate ACT math study guide. No more searching for ACT math tips and resources- they're available here. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Steve Brodie and the Brooklyn Bridge

Steve Brodie and the Brooklyn Bridge One of the enduring legends about the early years of the Brooklyn Bridge was a wildly famous  incident which may never have happened. Steve Brodie, a character from  the Manhattan neighborhood adjacent to the bridge, claimed to have jumped from its roadway, splashed into the East River from a height of 135 feet, and survived. Whether Brodie actually jumped on July 23, 1886, has been disputed for years. Yet the story was widely believed at the time, and the sensationalist newspapers of the day put the stunt  on their front pages. Reporters provided extensive details about Brodie’s preparations, his rescue in the river, and his time spent in a police station following the jump. It all seemed quite credible. Brodies leap came a year after another jumper from the bridge, Robert Odlum, died after hitting the water. So the feat had been assumed to be impossible. Yet a month after Brodie claimed to have jumped, another neighborhood character, Larry Donovan, jumped from the bridge while thousands of spectators watched. Donovan survived, which at least proved that what Brodie claimed to have done was possible. Brodie and Donovan became locked in a peculiar competition to see who could jump off other bridges. The rivalry ended two years later when Donovan was killed jumping from a bridge in England. Brodie lived for another 20 years and became something of a tourist attraction himself. He ran a bar in lower Manhattan and visitors to New York City would visit to shake the hand of the man who had jumped from the Brooklyn Bridge. Brodies Famous Jump The news accounts of Brodies jump detailed how he had been planning the jump. He said his motivation was to make money. And stories on  the front pages of both the   New York Sun and New York Tribune provided extensive details of Brodies activities before and after the jump. After arranging with friends to pick him up in the river in a rowboat, he hitched a ride onto the bridge in a horse-drawn wagon.   While in the middle of the bridge Brodie got out of the wagon. With some makeshift padding under his clothes, he stepped off from a point about 135 feet above the East River. The only people expecting Brodie to jump were his friends in the boat, and no impartial witnesses claimed to have seen what happened. The popular version of the story was that he landed feet first, sustaining only minor bruises. After his friends pulled him into the  boat and returned him to shore there was a celebration. A policeman came along and arrested Brodie, who appeared to be intoxicated.  When the newspaper reporters caught up with him, he was relaxing in a jail cell. Brodie appeared in court on a few occasions but no serious legal problems resulted from his stunt. And he did cash in on his sudden fame. He began appearing in dime museums, telling his story to gawking visitors. Donovans Leap A month after Brodies famous jump, a worker in a lower Manhattan print shop showed up at the office of the New York Sun on a Friday afternoon. He said he was Larry Donovan (though the Sun claimed his last name was actually Degnan)  and he was going to jump from the Brooklyn Bridge the next morning. Donovan claimed he had been offered money by the Police Gazette, a popular publication, and was going to ride onto the bridge in one of their delivery wagons. And he would jump with plenty of witnesses to the feat. Good to his word, Donovan did jump from the bridge on Saturday morning, August 28, 1886. Word had been passed around his neighborhood, the Fourth Ward, and rooftops were crowded with spectators. The New York Sun described the event on the front page of Sundays paper: He was steady and cool, and with his feet close together he leaped straight out into the great space before him. For about 100 feet he shot straight downward as he had leaped, his body erect and his legs tight together. Then he bent slightly forward, his legs spread a little apart and bent at the knees. In this position he struck the water with a splash that sent the spray high in the air and was heard from the bridge and on both sides of the river. After his friends picked him up in a boat, and he was rowed to shore, he was, like Brodie, arrested. He was also soon free.  But,  unlike Brodie, he did not want to display himself in the dime museums of the Bowery. A few months later, Donovan traveled to Niagara Falls. He jumped off the suspension bridge there on November 7, 1886. He broke a rib, but survived. Less than a year after his leap from the Brooklyn Bridge, Donovan died after jumping from the Southeastern Railway bridge in London, England. The New York Sun reported his demise on the front page, noting that while the bridge in England was not as high as the Brooklyn Bridge, Donovan had actually drowned in the Thames. Later Life of Steve Brodie Steve Brodie claimed to have jumped from the suspension bridge at Niagara Falls three years after his purported Brooklyn Bridge leap. But his story was immediately doubted. Whether or not Brodie had jumped from the Brooklyn Bridge, or any bridge, didnt seem to matter. He was a New York celebrity, and people wanted to meet him. After years of running a saloon, he became ill and went to live with a daughter in Texas. He died there in 1901.

Personality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Personality - Essay Example In additions, managers should mostly engage staff with proactive personality. Workers with this type of personality look for opportunities and act on them. They exhibit initiative and stop at nothing until the opportunity effects a change in the organization, In Personality psychology, Burger, Jerry (2010) identifies five broad dimensions or domains of personality. These domains are broadly referred to as the Five Big traits of personality. Personality experts and scholars broadly support the theory known as the five-factor model on which the Five Big traits of personality derive their base. The five big traits of personality, according to the theory, include openness (O), extraversion (E), conscientiousness (C), neuroticism (N) and agreeableness (A). Burger, Jerry (2011) suggests the use of acronyms such as OCEAN and CANOE to identify the five traits collectively. The chief purpose of the theory is to give an account for different characteristics and traits in personality. Empirical research on the Big Five personality characteristics has shown, to a large extent, consistency in observations, interviews and self-description. The research, therefore, indicates that the personality tests are very accurate and reliable. Burger, Jerry (2011) defines openness as the appreciation for emotions, art, imaginations, unusual ideas, curiosity and other experiences. They reckon that staffs that are open to new experiences are willing to try new ventures, intellectually curious and sensitive to changes in the organization. Unlike closed people, open people are very creative and more conscious of their feelings. Burger, Jerry (2011) adds that open people not likely to hold conventional beliefs. Open people prefer novelty to familiarity, and they do not resist change. A conscientious person acts dutifully, is self-disciplined and achieves above the expectations.

American Workforce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

American Workforce - Essay Example tics, 2012), in 2011 just 71 percent of men had jobs, whereas in 1960’s more than 80 percent of men worked; and the share of women holding jobs rose from 36 percent in 1960 to 58 percent in 2011. Among the major worker groups, in the year 2012, the unemployment rates for adult men (7.8 percent) and Hispanics (11.0 percent) edged up in May, while the rates for adult women (7.4 percent), teenagers (24.6 percent), whites (7.4 percent), and blacks (13.6 percent) showed little or no change (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). The jobless rate for Asians was 5.2 percent in 2012 down from 7.0 percent a year earlier (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). The baby-boom generation, people born from 1946 to 1964, which has been a major force in the labor market of US for the past 33 years, has now reached its prime working years. So while 64 percent of those ages 55 to 59 worked during the mid-1980s, 73 percent worked in 2011, according to (Schulzke, 2012). In the mid-1980s, 68 percent of the 16-to-24-year-old cohort was in the workforce; by 2011 only 55 percent were (Schulzke, 2012). According to (Schulzke, 2012), Baby boomers are actually far more likely to keep working than earlier generations, and for many reasons: jobs are less physically draining, medicine has extended vitality, Social Security now pushes older workers to keep going and market reversals have erased nest eggs. However, should long-term health trends, such as rising levels of obesity and the increase in certain chronic health conditions, continue, fewer individuals than expected may be able to work long past retirement age (Schramm, 2005). Changes in demographics, specifically family structure, living arrangements and marriage rates, may also impact retirement trends. Studies have found that, after retirement, baby boomers are more likely to move to nonmetropolitan areas within their current region rather than moving to a different region

A comparison between Jean Rhys and Una Marson Essay Example for Free

A comparison between Jean Rhys and Una Marson Essay Voyage into the Metropolis: Exile in the Works of Jean Rhys and Una Marson. In Jonathan Millers 1970 production of Shakespeares The Tempest the character of Caliban was cast as black, therefore reigniting the link between the Prospero/Caliban paradigm as the colonizer/colonized. It was not a new idea, indeed Shakespeare himself envisaged the play set on an island in the Antilles and the play would have had great appeal at the time when new territories were being discovered, conquered, plundered and providing seemingly inexhaustible revenue for the colonisers. What is particularly interesting, however, is how powerful the play later becomes for discourse on colonialism. This trope of Caliban is used by George Lamming in The Pleasures of Exile where he likens Prospero in his relationship with Caliban, to the first slave-traders who used physical force and then their culture to subjugate the African and the Carib, overcoming any rebellion with a self righteous determinism. In The Pleasures of Exile Lamming sees Caliban as: Man and other than man. Caliban is his convert, colonized by language, and excluded by language. It is precisely this gift of language, this attempt at transformation which has brought about the pleasure and the paradox of Calibans exile. Exiled from his gods, exiled from his nature, exiled from his own name! Yet Prospero is afraid of Caliban. He is afraid because he knows that his encounter with Caliban is, largely, his encounter with himself. 1 The Prospero/Caliban paradigm is a very relevant symbol for the colonizer/colonized situation of the West Indies but it nevertheless remains a paternalistic position. Where does that leave women of the Caribbean? It could be argued that the Caribbean woman has been even further marginalized. That in making Caliban the model of the Caribbean man it is therefore providing him with a voice. Yet nowhere in the Tempest is there a female counterpart, rendering the Caribbean woman invisible as well as silent and ignoring an essential part of their historical culture. Another issue raised here, is that Caribbean literature has for many years been male dominated. Just as the colonizer sought to ignore and marginalize their savage Other so the Caribbean male has ignored their female counterpart. Opal Palmer Adisa, in exploring this issue, believes that it is out of this patriarchal structure, designed to make her an object, part of the landscape to be used and discarded as seen fit by the colonizer, that the Caribbean woman has emerged.2 It was out of such a patriarchal structure that Jean Rhys and Una Marson emerged. The writing of both women revise and expand theme and personae, subverting a colonial and patriarchal culture. Both women may exist in different ethnological and ontological realms but they both exist in worlds which have, at one time or another, attempted to censure, silence or ignore the ideals and interests of women3 Like many of their male Caribbean counterparts to succeed them, their writing was greatly influenced by voyaging into the colonial metropolis and living in exile. In this essay I will discuss the importance of that journey in seeking to find a voice, an identity, and even a language to challenge established notions of Self, gender and race within the colonial structure. But essential to their experience is their struggle. Naipaul recognised, in Rhys, the themes of isolation, an absence of society or community, the sense of things falling apart, dependence, loss.4 This could also be said of Marson. Jean Rhys was born Ella Gwendoline Rees Williams on 24th August 1890, in Roseau, Dominica to a Creole mother of Scottish descent and a Welsh father who was a doctor. Rhys left Dominica in 1907, aged sixteen and continued her education in a Cambridge girls school and then at the Academy of Dramatic Art which she left after two terms. Rhys experienced feelings of alienation and isolation at both these institutions and these feelings were to stay with her for much of her life. Upon pursuing a career as a chorus girl under a variety of names Rhys embarked on an affair with a man twenty years older than herself and which lasted two years. It is broadly accepted that this early period of her London life formed the structure for Voyage In The Dark, and like all of Rhyss novels, explores homelessness, dislocation, the marginal and the migrant. The character of Anna, like most of her female protagonists exists in the demimonde of city life, living on the wrong side of respectability. What Rhy s does effectively in this novel is to centralize the marginalized, those subjects who belong nowhere, between cultures, between histories.5 Una Marson was born in rural Jamaica in 1905. Her father was a well respected Baptist minister and as a result of his standing within the community Marson had the opportunity to be educated on a scholarship at Hampton High School, a boarding school for mainly white, middle class girls. After finding employment as a stenographer, Marson went on to edit the Jamaican Critic, an established literary publication, and from 1928-1921, her own magazine The Cosmopolitan. Having established herself as a poet, playwright and womens activist Marson made the decision to travel to Britain. Her achievements in London were impressive; a social activist within the League of Coloured Peoples which led to her taking a post as secretary to the deposed Emperor Haile Selassie and later she was appointed as a BBC commentator. In reality, however, Marson, like Rhys found the voyage into the Metropolis very difficult. Facing blatant racial discrimination like so many West Indian women migrants of the 1950s, Una found herself blocked at every turn. She complained and cried; she felt lonely and humiliated,. 6 In spite of many literary and social connections she remained an isolated and marginal figure. Her poetry displays the uncertainty of cultural belonging where her language ties her to colonialism yet also provides her with a powerful tool with which to challenge it. In placing Rhys alongside Marson as pioneering female writers, it is important to explore the notion of nationality, of being Caribbean and to question the grounds upon which such ideas are constructed. Both women were writing at the same time, having been born and educated in the British colonies. Both these writers, whose lives span the twentieth century, are situated at the crossroads of the colonial and post-colonial, the modern and post modern, where the threat of fascism and war result in anti colonial struggles and eventual decolonisation across the world. Their voyages from the colonies into the metropolitan centre generate similar experiences. What is clear with both is that by journeying into the metropolis, as women, they occupy a double marginal position within an already marginalized community. Their journey can be seen as an exploration of displacement where, according to Edward W. Said, the intellectual exile exists in a median state, neither completely at one with the new setting nor fully disencumbered of the old, beset with half involvements and half attachments, nostalgic and sentimental at one level, an adept mimic or a secret outcast on the other.7 Rhys and Marson, having left the Caribbean are asking us to consider what it means to write from the margins. Within their work, both women challenge notions of womens place within society and womens place as a colonized subject in the metropolitan centre. The protagonist, Anna Morgan, in Voyage in the Dark, reflects Rhyss own multi indeterminate, multi conflicted identity. Anna, like Rhys is a white descendent of British colonists and slave traders who occupy a precarious position of being inbetween. Hated by the Blacks for their part in oppressing the slaves and continuing to cling on to that superior social position, they are also regarded by the mother country as the last vestiges of a degenerate part of their own history best forgotten. Moreover, 1930s England, still under the shadow of Victorian moral dicta, continued to judge harshly a young woman without wealth, family, social position and with an odd accent. Throughout the novel Anna is identified with characters who are usually objectified and silenced in canonical works: the chorus girl, the mannequin, the demimondaine.8 Much has been made of her reading of Zolas Nana and indeed there are many parallels between the two characters. Anna, like Nana becomes a prostitute and in the first version of Voyage in the Dark Anna like Nana dies very young. There is of course the obvious anagram of her name but, as Elaine Savory highlights, some interesting revisions by Rhys. Whereas Zola, in Nana, creates a character who brings about the downfall of upper class men not through power but with only the unsophisticated currency of youth and raw female sexuality9 Rhys, in Anna, creates a character who is herself destroyed by men. In Rhyss version the men who use her youth and beauty are for the most part evidently cowardly or downright disreputable: Anna herself begins as naively trusting, passes through a stage of self destructive hopelessness and passivity and ends, in Rhyss preferred, unpublished version, by dying from a botched abortion.10 If we are to see Walter Jeffries as the original European, existing in a world viewed certainly by himself as principally ordered and reasonable then Rhys is, through this character, highlighting the degenerate aspect of using power to commodify and even destroy, thereby subverting the colonizers position in relation to the colonized. Through the character of Anna, Rhys explores those oppositions of Self and Other, male and female, black and white. Even though she outwardly resembles the white European, enabling her, unlike Marson, to blend visually within London, her association with the Caribbean sets her apart as between black and white cultures and as an exotic Other. This ambiguity of Annas position results in slippage. Anna and her family would have been regarded in the West Indies as the white colonizers. In England and in her relationship with Jeffries she becomes the colonized Other. In being read as the colonized subject Anna is continually having to adapt her world view and sense of identity to the perspective being imposed on her. A good example of this is the chorus girlss renaming her as the Hottentot aligning her more with the black African and demonstrating the homogenizing of the colonized peoples by the colonizers. This is similar to Spivaks belief that so intimate a thing as personal and human identity might be determined by the politics of imperialism.11 Interestingly, Hottentot is the former name for the Nama, a nomadic tribe of Southern Africa. A somewhat apt comparison which reflects Annas own nomadic existence as she moves from town to town as a chorus girl and from one bed sit to another. The term Hottentot developed into a derogatory term during the Victorian era and became synonymous firstly with wide hipped, big bottomed African women with oversized genitals and then with the sexuality of a prostitute. Jeffries is fully aware of the implications of the name Hottentot. In response to hearing Annas renaming he says, I hope you call them something worse back.12 Elaine Savory makes a strong connection between Annas renaming and her relationship with Jeffries, her eventual seducer. Whilst not looking at Annas body in an obvious way, eventually the transaction between them is understood fully on his side to be a promise of sexual excitement from a white woman whom he perceives as having an extra thrill presumably from association with racist constructions of black females in his culture.13 Franz Fanon, in his book Black Skin, White Masks perceives these complex colonial relations as being in a state of flux rather than fixed or static. In his introduction to Fanons text, Homi Bhabha highlights this point, stating that the familiar alignment of colonial subjectsBlack/White, Self/Otheris disturbedand the traditional grounds of racial identity are dispersed.14 So it is in the relationship between Jeffries and Anna. In transposing the colonizers stereotypical images of a black woman onto Anna he is disrupting and dispersing those traditional grounds of racial identity. Moreover, Anna is subconsciously enacting a mediated performance, aware of her impact upon him and the implications of her actions, in an attempt to adhere to his preconceptions of her. The relationship cannot be sustained on these fundamentally unstable preconceptions. Anna, both as a female and racial Other is penetrated by Jeffries and with the exchange of money is commodified. Without independent means Anna becomes that purchasable girl who is at the mercy of and eventually becomes dependent upon the upper middle class Jeffries. The relationship between these two characters reflects Rhyss own location in the world where the West Indies was at the time still a commodity of the British Empire. In another analysis of the colonial stereotype, Homi Bhabha challenges the limiting and traditional reliance of the stereotype as offering, at any one time, a secure point of identification on the part of the individual,15 in this case Jeffries and Hester. Bhabha does not argue that the colonizers stereotyping of the colonized Other is as a result of his security in his own identity or conception of himself but more to do with the colonizers own identity and authority which is in fact destabilized by contradictory responses to the Other. In order to maintain a powerful position it is important, according to Bhabha, for the colonizer to identify the colonized with the image he has already fixed in his mind. This image can be ambiguous as the colonized subject can be simultaneously familiar under the penetrable gaze of the all seeing, all powerful colonial gaze and be incomprehensible like the inscrutable Oriental. The colonized can be both savageand yet the most obedient and dignified of servants; he is the embodiment of rampant sexuality and yet innocent as a child; he is mystical, primitive, simpleminded and yet the most worldly and accomplished liar , and the manipulator of social forces.16 In short, for Bhabha, the relationship between the colonizer and the colonized is riddled with contradictions and inconsistencies which, when imposed upon the colonized Other, cause a crisis of identity. So it is with Anna. Jeffries upon first meeting with the very young Anna can see that she is as innocent as a child and is most obedient sexually, but by her association with the Caribbean and the Hottentot as I have previously explored, she is subsequently attributed with being the embodiment of rampant sexuality resulting in his taking of her virginity, abandoning her to prostitution but also leading to as Veronica Clegg observes a loss of temporal referents17 Annas stepmother, Hester, also attempts to impose an identity upon Anna which not only conflicts with Annas own sense of identity but is also based around stereotypical perceptions. . Hester, whose voice represents a repressive English colonial law18 believes that Annas fathers troubles resulted from his having lost touch with everybody in England19 and that these severing of ties with the Imperial motherland is a signal to her that he was failing,20 losing his identity, reduced to the level of the black inhabitants of the island. This idea of contamination and racial reduction is explored by Paul B. Rich who explains that there was a belief in the early twentieth century that white people in the tropics risked in the absence of continual cultural contacts with their temperate northern culture, being reduced to the level of those black races with whom they had made their unnatural home.21 In Hesters eyes this apparent loss of identity is also experienced by Anna. She continually criticizes her speech, her relationship with Francine the black servant, and also insinuates degenerative behaviour on the part of her family, particularly Uncle Bo. Hesters views reflect the growing disapproval in England at that time, of relationships between white people and the black population in the West Indies. Inter-racial relationships were discouraged for fear of contamination of the white Self. In voicing her disapproval of Annas friendship with Francine along with her continual use of the racist and derogatory term nigger, Hester is alluding to the fact that, in her opinion, Anna, especially through her speech, has indeed been contaminated and reduced racially and that Annas association with Francine thwarts her attempts to reconnect her with the colonizers cultural contacts. Hester rails that she finds it impossible to get you [Anna] away from the servants. That awful sing-song voice you had! Exactly like a nigger you talkedand still do. Exactly like that dreadful girl Francine. When you were jabbering away together in the pantry I never could tell which of you was speaking.22 Hesters constant criticism only serves to undermine Annas real identity and dislocate her further from the Caribbean world she once inhabited and the alienating London world she is now experiencing. Her accent sets her apart, drifting between two worlds. Annas difficulties in negotiating these two worlds is a result of the return of the diasporic to the metropolitan centre where the perplexity of the living is most acutely experienced.23 This can certainly be seen in her response to the weather which, according to Bhabha, invokes the most changeable and imminent signs of national difference24 The novel opens with; It was as if a curtain had fallen, hiding everything I had ever known. It was almost like being born again. The colours were different, the smells different, the feeling things gave you right down inside yourself was different. Not just the difference between heat and cold; light, darkness; purple, grey. But a difference in the way I was frightened and the way I was happy. I didnt like London at first. I couldnt get used to the cold.25 And later upon arriving in England with Hester she describes it as being divided into squares like pocket-handkerchiefs; a small tidy look it had, everywhere fenced off from everywhere else 26and then in London where the dark houses all alike frowning down one after another27 Throughout the novel Anna continually experiences feelings of being enclosed. Many of the bedsits are restricting and box-like. On one occasion she remarks that this damned rooms getting smaller and smallerAnd about the rows of houses outside gimcrack, rotten-looking and all exactly alike.28 The many small rooms between which Anna moves emphasize her disempowerment through enclosed spaces. These spaces, in turn, serve as metaphors for the consequences in voyaging into the metropolitan centre. She is at once shut inside these small monotonous rooms and shut out from that world which has sought to colonize her. It is perhaps ironic that the further she moves into the centre of the city, ending up as she does on Bi rd Street, just off Oxford Street , the more she is shut out and marginalized by that imperialist society. Her memories of the West Indies are in sharp contrast to her impressions of England. The images of home are always warm, vivid and exotic, Thinking of the walls of the Old Estate House, still standing, with moss on them. That was the garden. One ruined room for roses, one for orchids, one for ferns. And the honeysuckle all along the steep flight of steps.29 When comparing the two worlds she remarks to herself that the colours are red, purple, blue , gold, all shades of green. The colours here are black, grey, dim-green, pale blue, the white of peoples faces like woodlice. 30 Her memory of home is experienced sensuously as she recalls the sights and smells: Market Street smelt of the wind but the narrow street smelt of niggers and wood smoke and salt fishcakes fried in lard and the sound of the black women as they call out, salt fishcakes, all sweet an charmin, all sweet an charmin.'31 Anna attempts to convey this richness to Jeffries. His failure to appreciate the beauty she describes merely underlines the differences between the two. He expresses a preference for cold places remarking that The tropics would be altogether too lush.32 Jeffriess reaction to the West Indies in fact reflects the colonizers view that the ruined room for roses and orchids portray a disorder, a garden of Eden complete with its implications of moral decay and as Bhabha states, a tropical chaos that was deemed despotic and ungovernable and therefore worthy of the civilizing mission.33 Annas association with this world sets her up, in Walters eyes, as a figure representing a secret depravity promising forbidden desires. Anna, like the West Indies is something to be overpowered, enslaved and colonized, where the colonizer seeks to strip their identity and impose their own beliefs and desires. It is significant, therefore, that following this scene Anna loses her virginity to Jeffries and recalls the memory of the mulatto slave girl, Maillotte Boyd, aged 18, whose record Anna once found on an old slave list at Constance.34 Like Maillotte Boyd, Anna is now merely a commodity and Jeffries has no intention of ever seeing her as an equal. Her purity, in his eyes isnt worth preserving as he already considers her the contaminated Other. By his actions he succeeds in maintaining that patriarchal imperialism which relies on institutional forms of racial and national separateness. Anna, as a twentieth century white Creole, is no freer than the nineteenth century mulatto slave. Just as Maillotte Boyd is, as racially mixed, suspended between two races, so Anna as a white Creole is suspended between two cultures, leaving her dislocated. Annas voyage into the imperialist metropolis leads to boundaries and codes of behaviour, language and dress being constantly imposed upon her. She is aware for example of the importance of clothes as a means of controlling her social standing and also her standing as a woman. Through her dress Anna almost becomes that elegant white lady, mimicking Londons female high society. For Jeffries, Anna represents the menace of mimicry, which , according to Bhabha is a difference which is almost nothing but not quite and which turns to menace- a difference that is total but not quite.35 This mimicry serves to empower Anna as it ultimately destabilises the essentialism of colonialist ideology, resulting in Jeffries imposing upon Anna the identity of the West Indian Other This in turn leads to feelings of loss, alienation and dislocation, a rejection of being white and a desire to be black. I always wanted to be black. I was happy because Francine was there.Being black is warm and gay, being white is cold and sad.36 Annas association with Hester meant that she hated being white. Being white and getting like Hester, old and sad and everything.37 Yet the warmth she expresses in her memories of Francine are always tempered by her realisation that Francine disliked her because I [Anna] was white.38 Her feelings of being between cultures and feeling dislocated are never fully resolved. Annas voyage in the dark, reflects Rhyss own sense of exile and marginality as a white West Indian woman. Teresa OConnor remarks that Rhys, herself caught between places, cultures, classes and races, never able to identify clearly with one or the other, gives the same marginality to her heroines, so that they reflect the unique experience of dislocation of the white Creole woman.39 The language used to express feelings of exile and loneliness, destitution and dislocation is both sparse and economic. It is neither decorative nor contrived, devoid of sentiment or without seeking sympathy. In commenting upon an essay written by Rhys discussing gender politics, Gregg writes that It is important to note her [Rhyss] belief that writing has a subversive potential. Resistancecan be carried out through writing that exposes and opposes the political and social arrangements.40 Helen Carr, in her exploration of Rhyss language believes that: Rhys in her fictions unpicks and mocks the language by which the powerful keep control, while at the same time shifting, bending, re-inventing ways of using language to open up fresh possibilities of being.41 Una Marson, another Caribbean to voyage into the metropolis, also experienced loneliness, isolation and a struggle with the complexity of identity. Like Rhys, Marson fought with these feelings throughout her life, resulting in long periods of depression. Her belief in womens need for pride in their cultural heritage established Marson as the earliest female poet of significance to emerge in West Indian literature.42 She not only challenged received notions of womens place in society but also raised questions about the relationship of the colonized subject to the mother country43 There was a considerable amount of poetry emerging out of the West Indies around this time but most of it was dismissed as being not truly West Indian,44 the reason for this being partly because many of the writers were English but also because many of the styles used by these writers mimicked colonial forms. Many of Marsons early poetry reflects this mimicry showing a reliance upon the Romantics of the English poetic tradition, particularly Shelley, Wordsworth and Byron. The poem Spring in England reveals this indebtedness to the Romantics, including as it does a stanza where, having observed the arrival of Spring in London, the poet asks: And what are daffodils, daffodils Daffodils that Wordsworth praised? I asked. Wait for Spring, Wait for the Spring, the birds replied. I waited for Spring, and lo they came, A host of shining daffodils Beside the lake beneath the trees (The Moth p6)45 Clearly there are echoes of Wordsworths Daffodils throughout the stanza, reflecting the drive by colonialism through education to eradicate the West Indian selfhood. Yet for Marson this harnessing of English culture not only posed few problems but indeed was, I would argue, a necessary step in her voyage of self discovery. As seen with Rhys, mimicry was a subversive threat to colonial ideology, especially through language. Homi Bhabhas notion of mimicry seeks to explore those ambivalences of such destabilizing colonial and post-colonial exchanges. The menace of mimicry is its double vision which in disclosing the ambivalence of colonial discourse also disrupts its authority. The ambivalence of colonial authority repeatedly turns from mimicry a difference which is almost nothing but not quite to menace a difference that is almost total but not quite. And in that other scene of colonial power, where history turns to farce and presence to a part can be seen the twin figures of narcissism and paranoia that repeat furiously, uncontrollably.46 Bhabhas essay in recognising the power, the play and the dynamics between the colonizer and the colonized offers an alternative to the pessimistic view held by V.S. Naipaul who believed that West Indian culture was doomed to mimicry, unable to create anything original. Marsons mimicry of the Romantics could be seen as a preparation to enter the colonizers metropolis, and to attempt to assimilate into the colonizers world. In making that voyage to the metropolis, Una Marson succeeds in taking that step from the copy to the original. By remaining in Jamaica Marson risked remaining in an environment too rigidly ingrained by colonial prescriptions. Una Marsons voyage into the heart of the Empire, however, resulted in intense disappointment. For the first time, Marson experienced open racism and according to Jarrett-McCauley The truth was that Una dreaded going out because people stared at her, men were curious but their gaze insulted her, even small children with short dimpled legs called her NiggerShe was a black foreigner seen only as strange and unwanted. This was the Fact of Blackness which Fanon was to analyse in Black Skins, White Masks(1952), that inescapable, heightening level of consciousness which comes from being dissected by white eyes. 47 Unlike Rhys, Marson was finding it impossible to blend visually within London. Consciousness of her colour made Marson conscious of her marginality. This consciousness led her seriously to question the values of the mother country. Marsons work moved from mimicry to anti-patriarchal discourse, seen in her poem Politeness where she responds to the William Blake poem Little Black Boy with: They tell us That our skin is black But our hearts are white We tell them That their skin is white But their hearts are black (Tropic Reveries p 44) The poem demonstrates Marsons growing resentment at being alienated by the colonial power. There is an uncertainty in her desire to both belong and to challenge, echoing Rhys in her sense of cultural unbelonging. Those anti-patriarchal feelings are present once more in her poem Nigger where she communicates the anger she feels at being abused and marginalized as the racial Other. They call me Nigger Those little white urchins, They laughed and shouted As I passed along the street, They flung it at me: Nigger! Nigger! Nigger! She retorts to this abuse furiously with: You who feel that you are sprung Of earths first blood, your eyes Are blinded now with arrogance. With ruthlessness you seared My peoples flesh and now you still Would crush their very soul Add fierce insult to vilest injury.48 In its repetition of the shocking term Nigger, Marson is confronting the white colonialists use of the word to exert power over and oppress the colonized. The violence of its use reflects the violence of their shared history where Of those who drove the Negroes / To their death in days of slavery, regard Coloured folk aslow and base.49 In highlighting this history of violence, oppression and slavery, Marson is attempting to invert this oppression and dislodge the notion of white supremacy, whilst attempting to negotiate a position from West Indian to African and in doing so, fashion an identity. By writing the poem in the first person singular and moving from They to You when addressing the white colonizers, Marson succeeds in centralizing herself and reversing the binary system of Self and Other. Nigger marks Marsons sharpened perspective on issues such as racism and identity. Her voyage into the metropolitan centre triggers those emergent identifications and new social movements[being]played out.50 It was a time in Marsons life where she was made to feel inadequate, lonely and humiliated but it also roused her to resist the corrosive force of her oppressive world.51 Nigger reveals this sense of belonging and not belonging felt by Marson, of being part of the empire but never part of the Motherland, yet it simultaneously challenges the very essentialism in which the colonial Self is rooted. Moreover, the hostility she experiences in many ways acknowledges the success of Marsons performance as a hybrid. Marsons frustration and anger was compounded by the fact that in being middle class and educated she possibly saw herself as a notch above the poor, black working class women from the old communities in Cardiff, Liverpool and London52 Marson explores this question of how middle class West Indians negotiate being educated and yet marginalized and even considered inferior in her play London Calling. The play, based on the experiences of colonial students in London charts the story of a group of expatriates who, upon being invited to the house of an aristocratic English family, dress up in outlandish native costume and speak in broken English. The play, a comedy, takes a light hearted look at the stereotypical images held by the British, at the same time countering the myth of black inferiority. There is, in the play, a curious twist as the students from Novoko are presented as black versions of the British in their dress and behaviour, mimic men and yet they themselves attempt to mimic their own folk culture. They are eventually discovered by one of the family, Larkspur, who then proposes marriage to Rita, one of the Novokans. The play ends with Rita declining Larkspurs proposal in favour of Alton, another Novokan. This rejection of Larkspur places Rita in a powerful position. Rita is no longer the undesirable Other, she has resisted the oppressive world of the colonialists and placed herself as the centralised Self. Rita is Marsons fantasy where the black woman is recognised as beautiful and an equal. Marsons activities in the League of Coloured Nations gave her purpose, direction and the opportunity to advance her political education whilst introducing her to the Pan African movement a sort of boomerang from the horrors of slavery and colonialism, to which Una, like many of her generation, was being steadily drawn.53 Marsons work around this time reflects a desire to reclaim and restore that Other cultural tradition, a difficult task as the Caribbean was not an homogeneous agency and it was not easy to establish a pre-colonial culture. The ethnic mix was large and hybrid making the notion of Caribbeanness less easy to define. The Pan-African movement provided links with an alternative body to European colonialism and offered Marson a platform to renegotiate and redefine her idea of Caribbeaness and race, an option not offered to Rhys. Having established a sense of being a black person in a white imperialist centre, she now needed to make sense of being a black woman within this paternalistic centre. The poem Little Brown Girl attempts just this, constructing a dialogue of sorts between a white Londoner, whose gender is unclear, and a little brown girl. The poem begins with a series of questions put to the child: Little brown girl Why do you wander alone About the streets Of the great city Of London? Why do you start and wince When white folk stare at you Dont you think they wonder Why a little brown girl Should roam about their city Their white, white city? (The Moth, p11) The questioning of the little brown girls presence in London suggests a linguistic imperialism. It may be construed as the speaker challenging her right to be in the city, establishing her as the nameless, black Other. Her feeling of difference is emphasized in the repetition of the word white on the final line of the second stanza. The third stanza plays out an interesting reversal in notions of blackness. The speaker asks why she has left the little sunlit land / where we sometimes go / to rest and get brown54 alluding to the desire of white skinned people to tan which for the white colonialist signifies wealth, for the black Other being inferior and uneducated. From here there is a subtle shift of speaker and London is seen through the eyes of the little brown girl. Her perception of the city is distinctly unattractive where There are no laughing faces, / people frown if one really laughs and: Theres nothing picturesque To be seen in the streets, Nothing but people clad In Coats, Coats, Coats, (The Moth, p11) If the poem began with the strangeness of the brown girl to the white gaze, here it teases out those feelings of alienation felt by the little brown girl at being in such a cold, drab place, so different from her own home. Once more Marson creates a reversal in the stereotype as she seeks to objectify white people observing that the folks are all white -/ White, white, white, / And they all seem the same.55 In homogenizing the colonizers, the hybridity of the West Indians are then celebrated in the many varied skin tones of black and bronze and brown which are themselves homogenized by the label Black. The vibrancy, colour and friendliness of back home where the folks are Parading the city wearing Bright attractive bandanas contrasts with the previous stanza of the dour images of London. The dialogue is handed back to the white speaker who attempts to establish the origins of the little black girl but succeeds in once more re-establishing the homogeneic white gaze indicated in the speakers inability to distinguish between many distinct nations : And from whence are you Little brown girl? I guess Africa, or India, Ah no, from some island In the West Indies But isnt that India All the same? (The Moth, p13) More than anything the poem conveys that sense of isolation felt by the little brown girl in the city. She never answers the white speaker directly and is positioned in the middle of the poem, again centralizing the colonized. In asking the question Would you like to be white/Little brown girl? there is a sense of the colonizer attempting to manipulate and dominate the colonized, to Europeanise, ultimately leading to mimicry. Yet the questioner responds himself with I dont think you would / For you toss your head / As though you are proud / To be brown. 56 Marson, here, signals a move away from being a mimic man seeking to challenge that whole Eurocentric paternalistic world and centralise the black women, the most marginalized figure in society. The themes central to Little Brown Girls themes echo Rhyss own negative reactions to London seen in the opening page of Voyage in the Dark. Like Rhys, Marson succeeds in capturing that colour and warmth of the West Indies contrasting greatly with the misery of London, experienced by both and which reinforce that racial and national separateness. Those differences prove for both to be irreconcilable, making it impossible for both Rhys and Marson to integrate, leaving both women dislocated from the metropolis. Little Black Girl serves as a useful reminder that many immigrants were women. This encounter between the city and a woman (in Marsons case, a black woman) echoes Annas encounter in Voyage in the Dark albeit as a prostitute. Both walk the streets of the city and as women-as-walkers encounter the metropolis, negotiating its spaces. Denise deCaires Narian suggests that certainly Marson could be considered as a flaneuse.57 Neither Rhys nor Marson, however have the confident panache of the flaneuse and neither fulfil the requirements of flanerie originally set out by Baudelaire. The flaneur, he asserted, saw the crowd as his domain, His passion and his profession is to merge with the crowd.58 The flaneur and therefore the flaneuse is engaged in strolling and looking but most importantly merging with the crowd. For Marson this is impossible as she is a black woman in a white city. Moreover, Baudelaire expands upon the idea of the flaneur as having the ability to be away from home and yet to feel at home anywhere, to be at the centre of the world, and yet to be unseen of the world.59 Again this is problematic for both Marson and Rhys as their wanderings around the metropolis seek only to reinforce those feelings of Otherness, isolation and marginality. For Marson these feelings of alienation gained her the reputation of being a true loner who didnt exactly seek out company60 leading to a heightened level of bodily consciousness which comes from being dissected by white eyes.61 In her struggle with being marginalized as a black women always at the mercy of the white metropolitan gaze, Marson was always aware of that Europeanised sense of beauty being white. This idea of beauty was so entrenched, even within the black community that they themselves set beauty against the paleness of their own skin. The importance of popularly disseminated images is tackled in Cinema Eyes where a black mother in addressing her daughter attempts to challenge the idea that Europeans still provide the aesthetic reference point.62 The speaker urges her eighteen year old daughter to avoid the cinema fearing that it might reinforce the idea that white is beautiful causing the girl to lose sight of her own beauty: Come, I will let you go When black beauties Are chosen for the screen; That you may know Your own sweet beauty And not the white loveliness Of others for envy. (The Moth, p88) By growing up with a cinema mind the mother has allowed herself to be at the mercy of those tools used by the colonizer to marginalize and indoctrinate, promoting their own superiority. Once again the mimic man re-emerges when black women reject their own in seeking an ideal man. No kinky haired man for me, / No black face, no black children for me.63 This rather melodramatic narrative within the poem tells of the mothers fair husband shooting her first suitor whom she had initially rejected for being too dark, and then committing suicide. The shooting scene, a re enactment of a gun fight in a western, presents the cinema as a racist and degenerate institution. By the end of the poem, the speaker acknowledges her mistake in rejecting the first lover and finds a sense of self, previously denied by the saturation of cinematic images. In shaking off the colonizers indoctrination, which seeks to marginalize her, she addresses the question posed by Franz Fanon which is to what extent authentic love will remain unattainable before one has purged oneself of that feeling of inferiority?64 Black invisibility in the cinema results in white ideology being forced upon a black body and essentially commodifying it and it is this which Marson seeks to deconstruct. Another poem which tackles the reconstruction of female identity is Black is Fancy, where the speaker compares her reflection in the mirror with a picture Of a beautiful white lady.65 The mirror serves to reclaim the idea of black as being beautiful and a rediscovery of self: Since Aunt Lisa gave me This nice looking glass I begin to feel proud Of my own self (The Moth, p75) The speaker eventually removes the picture of the white woman suggesting that black worth and beauty can only really exist in the absence of white colonialism. The poem ends in a victory of sorts as she declares that John, her lover has rejected the pale skin in favour of His black ivory girl.66 Kinky Haired Blues represents Marsons quest for a more effective and authentic poetic voice in its use of African American speech.. The poem explores the rhythms and musical influences found in Harlem and gathering momentum about this time. Kinky Haired Blues like Cinema Eyes and Black is Fancy criticizes the oppressive beauty regime of white colonialism which seeks to disfigure and marginalize the black woman. The poem opens with the speaker attempting to find a beauty shop: Gwine find a beauty shop Cause I aint a belle Gwine find a beauty shop Cause I aint a lovely belle. The boys pass me by They say Is not so swell (The Moth, p91) The speaker seeks to Europeanise her black features in an attempt to make herself more attractive. Male indifference experienced in the metropolis forces the speaker to see herself as an aberration, thrusting her onto the margins of a society which is continually projecting the idea that white is right. The beauty shop contains all the trappings of the colonizers idea of beauty, ironed hair and bleached skin. Yet she is caught between being left to die on de shelf 67 if she doesnt change herself, or eradicating her ethnic features and therefore her inner self if she does. By using blues within the poetry she is able to communicate this misery felt within her, that male perceptions of beauty projected by the colonizers dictate that she must distort her own natural beauty in order to fit in and conform. The poem highlights the struggle Marson experiences in trying to preserve her selfhood against such oppressive cultural forces. Marson defiantly attempts to stand against this patriarchal order. She proudly announces that I like me black face / And me kinky hair. Inspite of this brave stand Marson eventually succumbs and admits that she is gwine press me hair / And bleach me skin. She, like Rhys can only resist internally to the colonialists ideals imposed on them. As writers voyaging into the metropolis both Rhys and Marson share in their writing a pervasive sense of isolation where, from the location of London, their particular voices and concerns are, at the time, not recognised. Both writers, from this isolated position on the periphery of the centre. explore issues of womanhood, race and identity,. Marsons experiences bring about an acute awareness of her difference and Otherness as a Black woman. Her work is a defiant voice against this marginalisation and isolation. She was, as Jarrett MaCauley claims the first Black feminist to speak out against racism and sexism in Britain.68 She was a pioneer in a growing literary culture which was to become the new postcolonial order. Rhys, by contrast, a white West Indian from Dominica was experiencing a declining white minority status against a growing black population, itself an isolating factor both at home and within the metropolis. Kenneth Ramchard suggests that the work of white West Indian writers is characterized by a sense of embattlement: Adapted from Fanon we might use the phrase terrified consciousness to suggest the White minoritys sensations of shock and disorientation as a smouldering Black population is released into an awareness of power.69 It is this terrified consciousness which contributes to the struggle experienced by Anna in Voyage in the Dark . Located simultaneously both inside and outside West Indian socio cultural history, her journey to the mother country seeks only to exacerbate these feelings of in-betweenness and to suffer feelings of dislocation and alienation. Both writers, therefore, in their voyage into the metropolis endure different kinds of anxieties in their sense of unbelonging to either or both cultural worlds. Both use their writing to speak for the marginal, the hegemonic, the dispossessed, the colonized silenced female voice situated as they were within the cold, oppressive, hierarchical colonial metropolis attempting to impose an oppressive identity upon the exiled women. 1 George Lamming The Pleasures of Exile (London: Alison, 1960) p15 2 Palmer Adisa De Language Reflect Dem Ethos in The Winds of Change: The Transforming Voices of Caribbean Women Writers and Scholars ed. By Adele S. Newson and Linda Strong Leek. (New York: Peter Lang 1998 p23) 3 The Winds of Change: The Transforming Voices of Caribbean Women Writers and Scholars ed By Adele S. Newson and Linda Strong-Leek. (New York: Peter Lang 1998 p6) 4 V.S. Naipaul New York Review of Books 1992. Quoted in Helen Carr Jean Rhys (Plymouth: Northcote House Publishers Ltd., 1996) p15 5 Helen Carr Jean Rhys (Plymouth: Northcote House Publishers Ltd., 1996) p. xiv 6 Delia Jarrett-MaCauley The Life of Una Marson (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998) p51 7 Edward W. Said Representations of the Intellectual (London: Vintage 1994) p49 8 Molly Hite The Other Side of the Story: Structures and Strategies of Contemporary Feminist Narrative Quoted in Joy Castro Jean Rhys in The Review of Contemporary Fiction Vol. 20, 2000. www.highbeam.com/library/doc.3.asp p6.Accessed 1 December 2005. 9 Elaine Savory Jean Rhys p92 10 Elaine Savory Jean Rhys p93 11 Gayatri Spivak Three Womens Text and a Critique of Imperialism in Henry Louis Jr. Gates Race, Writing and Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987) p269 12Jean Rhys Voyage in the Dark (London: Penguin Books 1969) 13 Elaine Savoury Jean Rhys (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1998) p 95 14 Homi Bhabha Remembering Fanon, forward to Franz Fanon s Black Skin, White Masks (London: Pluto, 1986) p ix 15 Homi Bhabha The Other Question Location of Culture (London: Routledge 1994)p69 16 Ibid p69 17 Veronica Marie Gregg Jean Rhyss Historical Imagination: Reading and Writing the Creole (North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1995) p115 18 Sue Thomas The Worlding of Jean Rhys ( Westport: Greenwood Press 1999) p106 19 Jean Rhys Voyage in the Dark p53 20 Ibid 21 Paul B. Rich Race and Empire in British Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) p19 22 Voyage in the Dark p56 23 Ibid p320 24 Homi Bhabha DissemInation: Time, Narrative and the margins of the Modern Nation The Location of Culture p319 25 Voyage in the Dark p7 26 Ibid p15 27 Ibid p16 28 Ibid p26 29 Ibid p45 30 Ibid p47 31 Ibid p7 32 Ibid p46 33 Homi Bhabha The Location of Culture p319 34 Voyage in the Dark p45 35 Homi Bhabha Location of Culture p85 36 Ibid p27 37 Ibid p62 38 Ibid p62 39 Teresa OConnor The Meaning of the West Indian Experience for Jean Rhys (PhD dissertation, New York University, 1985)cited in Caribbean Woman Writers; Essays from the first International Conference. p19 40 Taken from Rhyss non fictional analysis of Gender Politics. Veronica Gregg, Jean Rhyss Historical Imagination p47 41 Helen Carr Jean Rhys, (Plymouth: Northcote House Publishers Ltd, 1996) p 77 42 Lloyd W. Brown, West Indian Poetry (London: Heineman, 1978) p 38 43 Denise deCaires Contemporary Caribbean Womens Poetry: Making style (London: Routledge, 2002) p 2 44 Ibid p4 45 Una Marson The Moth and the Star, (Kingston, Jamaica: Published by the Author, 1937) p24 46 Homi Bhabha The Location of Culture, (London: Routledge, 1994) pp85-92 47 Delia Jarrett-MaCauley The Life of Una Marson pp 49, 50 48 The Routledge Reader in Caribbean Literature ed. Alison Donnell and Sarah Lawson Welsh (London: Routledge, 1996) p140-141 49 Ibid 50 Homi Bhabha Location of Culture p 320 51 Jarrett-MaCauley The Life of Una Marson p51 52 Ibid p51 53 Ibid p54 54 Una Marson Little Brown Girl, The Moth and the Star. (Jamaica: The Gleaner. 1937) p11 55 Ibid 56 Ibid p13 57 deCaires Narain puts forward an interesting link between Marson and Sam Selvons The Lonely Londoners highlighting external identity in her book Contemporary Caribbean Womens Poetry p 21 58 Baudelaire The Painter and the Modern Life cited in Keith Tester The Flaneur (New York: Routledge, 1994), p 2 59 Ibid p3 60 Jarrett-MaCauley, p53 61 Ibid p50 62 Laurence A. Brainer An Introduction to West Indian Poetry (Cambridge: CUP, 1998), p154 63 Una Marson Cinema Eyes The Moth and the Star. (Jamaica: The Gleaner.1937) p87 64 Franz Fanon Black Skins, White Masks (London: Pluto, 1986), p4 65 Una Marson Black is Fancy The Moth and the Star p75 66 Ibid p76 67 Una Marson Kinky Hair Blues The Moth and the Star p91 68 Jarret MaCauley pvii 69 Kenneth Ramchard The West Indian Novel and its Background (London: Faber, 1870), p225