Southwest Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Southwest Airlines - Essay Example The firm also offers amenities to its customers in order to meet their entertainment needs. In addition, Southwest Airlines serves their customers by providing Business Select, Wifi, Mobile Access, and EarlyBird Check-In facilities. 2. According to Starcevich, effective employment of manpower resources assists the Southwest Airlines to offer excellent services to its customers. It is identified that the organization’s management adopts a liberal approach to its managers, employees, unions, and suppliers. Hence, sincere and efficient managerial persons and their coordination found to be the most powerful competence that offers many competitive advantages to Southwest Airlines. The top management of the firm has made arrangements for listening to low level employees directly. The company keeps quickest turnaround time and it ensures the accuracy of flight times. The firm’s management gives emphasis on customer feedback on the belief that it would assist the company to mak e necessary strategic modifications. Moreover, the concern concentrates only on certain regions and it helps the company to provide improved services to the customers. 3. Low cost is the Southwest’s principal business-level strategy; company’s unique business model helps the management to practice this strategy successfully. The low level passenger charges assist the company to achieve customer loyalty. Customers today wish to get quality services at lower costs; hence, Southwest Airlines will be potential service provider for US people. It is observed that the Southwest Airlines does not offer much luxury facilities so as to maintain the name â€Å"low- cost carrier†. However, it is advisable for the organization to offer royal facilities also as it would aid the firm to meet the interests of rich class people; this strategic change may improve the firm’s core competence and thereby competitive position. 4. Southwest’s structure and culture accura tely match with its strategy in many ways. As discussed above, the company deals with domestic operations and it charges only low prices for its services. A well coordinated management team and effective segment concentrated operations help the company to provide better services to its customer groups without changing the charge rates. In order to improve the company’s strategic operation, it is recommendable for the Southwest Airlines to increase its group of customers. While the firm serves increased groups of customers, it can obtain the economies of large scale operations which in turn would enable the company to offer more economical benefits to its customers. Under this structure, Southwest Airlines faces some difficulties also. Some specific strategic features of the organization often become a barrier to its acquisition programs. 5. The Southwest Airlines deals with about three top domains. The strategic and managerial effectiveness assists the organization to operate in these areas successfully. As we discussed, the firm pursuits a segment focused corporate-level strategy in order to deal with different domains effectively. When the company focuses on specific business areas, the management gets up-to-date market information regarding those segments and it enables the company to form timely business strategies. Similarly, the market segmentation aids the company management to keep close contact with customer

Affirmative action in the United States Essay Example for Free

Affirmative action in the United States Essay Tanglewood may have difficulty filling their vacancies in the future because the company has a very large shortage with their sales associates. Even though Spokane has a high unemployment rate and they are able to supply a lot of people with jobs, the chances of closing the gap that is needed to fill the vacancies aren’t likely. Since the sales associates move up to shift leader, department manager, assistant store manager and then store manager then the company can fill the higher level vacancies easier. This then creates the huge shortage with sales associates. As time goes on Tanglewood will have difficulty filling vacancies just because there won’t be enough people that fits the requirements in order to be hired by Tanglewood as sales associates. Tanglewood should engage in a more specific strategy to change their recruiting and promotion practices so that they can target more women and minorities. Spokane doesn’t have a high number of minorities but if Tanglewood changes promotion and recruiting practices then this will help attract the minorities that do live in Washington. There is a high number of females so the company shouldn’t have trouble recruiting females but designing a new affirmative action will help solidify a higher number of female employees. I do believe that if the company promotes different and targets certain regions and areas through secondary schools and other employment agencies then the company can meet their affirmative action goals in a year. Pros and cons of using internal promotion versus external promotion would be that when you use internal promotion you are relying on your employees to produce the qualified candidates that fit the mold that your company is looking for. If you use external promotion then you are going to be able to do a lot more and find more people that have the qualifications. If you use internal promotion is may not take as long as  external promotion because you can give the employees an incentive to bringing in new employees. External promotion may take longer because it is based on who replies to the recruitment or who the employment agencies inform you of. There may not be as many females that aren’t already working in within the company that are going to meet the qualifications of a supervisory position. If the company looks to promote externally they may be hiring more white males into a management position over females and minorities. They may already have some females within the company that can be promoted to that level. 4. I believe that each individual store should continue to create an environment that allows the employees to bring innovation and their own voice to upper management. Each store should work well as a team and want to see each other succeed in order to meet the overall goal for the company as a whole. By incorporating an Affirmative Action plan and changing the Equal Employment Opportunity to better suit the company I feel as if each store will benefit greatly by bringing in people from a different background. The store managers should be responsible for focusing on the applicants qualifications in order for the company to continue the affirmative action. This should be followed up through training and when promotion is to be considered. Once this is set in motion the company will be able to fill the gaps in each position.

Was Christianity the key to the downfall of the Vikings :: Essays Papers

Was Christianity the key to the downfall of the Vikings When I think of the words that describes Vikings I would think of barbaric, having no mercy, and great explorers. Words that describe a Christian to me are trustworthy, considerate, helpful, and peaceful. The descriptions of words I described for Viking and Christians have basically opposite meanings. So as Christianity was implemented on the Vikings they became more civilized. The process of conversion of Christianity happened slowly. (? Book has two authors for the book and then two different authors for this story?)(Roesdahl and Wilson 187). The strength of the Viking was having no fear of death also no right or wrong with the way death was committed. The Bible was began to be followed at the end of the Viking era.(The total structure of this sentence is messed up.) I wonder how much Christianity affected the downfall of the Viking’s, below I did some research on the topic. The Viking era existed from 800 BC to 1200 BC (â€Å"From Viking to Crusader†). (This is supposed to be cited with the author name and page in brackets.) The Vikings have three main religions throughout there period of existence. Each of the religions affected the character of the Vikings in a big way. Polytheism was the belief the Vikings had in the beginning of there existence. Paganism and Christianity came towards the end of the Viking era. Christianity arrived during the 10th and 11th BC (â€Å"The Viking to Crusader†). Polytheism was the most heavily practiced religion the Vikings had. The main god of the Vikings was Odin who was the god of war wisdom and poetry (â€Å"Viking Fury†). There isn’t much documentation from history about Odin and other gods of the Vikings. Odin was mirrored by the Vikings to be a great warrior, and be poets. Vikings felt it was an honor to die in battle because Odin would be grateful (â€Å"Viking Fury†). Paganism was another religion of the Vikings. Through the writing on Rune Stones Viking women appeared to have followed paganism before the Viking men did.(The Viking woman are thought to have mixed views on Nordic Paganism since they were looked down upon according to some researcher other researchers said that Viking men followed paganism first. Since the belief of who followed paganism in the Viking culture first, men or woman is highly debatable among researchers I left this out.

King Lear Shakespeare’s Essay

Dylan Thomas’s â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night† was influenced by William Butler Yeats’s â€Å"Lapis Lazuli† and William Shakespeare’s ‘King Lear’ but the villanelle bears a stronger resemblance to Shakespeare’s play. The attitudes toward how an individual lives in the face of impending death, explored by Thomas, are similarly examined with the portrayal of Gloucester and Lear. Dylan Thomas’s â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night† has been noted to bear the influence of and even echo W. B. Yeats, especially â€Å"Lapis Luzuli,† and, secondarily via this poem, Shakespeare’s King Lear. One scholar notes its â€Å"Yeatsian overtones† (Fraser 51); another judges Thomas’s villanelle to have â€Å"much of the concentrated fury of expression which the poetry of the older Yeats contained, but †¦ more tenderness and sympathy† (Stanford 117), and goes on to say. , citing â€Å"Lapis Lazuli,† that â€Å"Yeats described the poet as one who knows that `Hamlet and Lear are gay'† (118). William York Tindall cites not only â€Å"Lapis Lazuli† but also Yeats’s â€Å"The Choice† as sources (204). Another scholar seems to skip over Yeats entirely (though his own phrasing echoes line 1 of â€Å"Lapis Lazuli†), seeing the â€Å"Grave men/blind† tercet (which contains the injunction to â€Å"be gay†) as â€Å"perhaps invok[ing] the Miltonic† (Tindall also mentions Milton 205) and the effect of the phrase â€Å"be gay† as â€Å"rather hysterical sentimentality† (Holbrook, Dissociation 53); of the earlier â€Å"Wise men/lightning† verse, however, he says â€Å"The images are merely there, histrionically, to bring in the phrase `forked no lightning’ to give a Lear-like grandeur to the dirge† (52). I would like to propose that â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night† bears a much stronger and more direct connection to Shakespeare’s play than is suggested by references to Yeats or to â€Å"Lear-like grandeur. † I would like to propose that the attitudes towards death–or, more precisely, the attitudes towards how one lives in the face of impending death–that Thomas explores in this poem–the implied attitude his speaker attributes to his direct audience, and the one he urges be adopted in its place–are similarly explored in King Lear and dramatized in the characters of Gloucester and Lear. I also propose that the voice we hear in â€Å"Do not go gentle† may not be a directly lyric speaker but an obliquely drawn persona, that of Gloucester’s son Edgar. Further, when read in the shadow cast by King Lear, the tone of Thomas’s poem grows dark indeed. â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night† is addressed to Thomas’s father, David John, known as D. J. According to biographer Paul Ferris, D. J. was â€Å"an unhappy man †¦ a man with regrets† (27); born with brains and literary talent, his ambition was to be a man of letters, but he was never able to advance beyond being â€Å"a sardonic provincial schoolmaster† in South Wales, feared for his sharp tongue (26-33). After his first serious illness, though–cancer in 1933–â€Å"A mellowing is said to have been noticeable soon after; his sarcasm was not so sharp; he was a changed man† (104). As he grew more chronically ill in the 40’s, mostly from heart disease and with one of the complications being trouble with his sight, the mellowing intensified: As Ferris puts it, â€Å"It must have been [D. J. ‘s] backbone of angry dignity that his son grieved to see breaking long after, when he wrote `Do not go gentle into that good night'† (27), and the poem is â€Å"an exhortation to his father, a plea for him to die with anger, not humility† (259). The poem was first published in November, 1951, in Princess Caetani’s Botteghe Oscure, on consecutive pages with â€Å"Lament,† a dramatic monologue spoken by an old man on his deathbed who recalls his rollicking youth and middle-age spent in the pursuit (and capture) of wine, women, and song, but who has married at last in order to obtain a caretaker, and must suffer pious comforting in his final, helpless days. (Bibliographic evidence suggests the two were also composed, or at least finalized, more or less simultaneously; Kidder 188.) In the letter to Caetani that contained â€Å"Do not go gentle,† Thomas remarked that â€Å"this little one might well be printed with [â€Å"Lament†] as a contrast† (qtd. in Kidder 188). As Ferris suggests, it would be difficult to over-estimate D. J. ‘s influence on his son: â€Å". . . the pattern of [Dylan’s] life was in some measure a response to D. J. Thomas and his wishes. For the early books that Dylan Thomas read, the rhythms he absorbed, and probably for his obsession with the magic of the poet’s function, he was indebted to D. J. † (283). Prominent among those â€Å"early books† read by Thomas are the works of Shakespeare. In 1948 (and Thomas might have begun his, as usual, protracted drafting and revision of â€Å"Do not go gentle† in 1945, after D. J. suffered a nearly fatal illness; Tindall 204), Thomas wrote a journalist that D. J. ‘s â€Å"reading aloud of Shakespeare seemed to me, and to nearly every other boy in the school, very grand indeed; all the boys who were with me at school, and who have spoken to me since, agree that it was his reading that made them, for the first time, see that there was, after all, something in Shakespeare and all his poetry. . . † (qtd. in Ferris 33; his ellipses). That Thomas was familiar with and admiring of Shakespeare is, of course, no surprise, but his direct linkage of his father with Shakespeare, particularly at this point in time, is interesting, and he demonstrated more than familiarity with King Lear: In 1950, during one of his reading tours in America, he spent an evening with novelist Peter de Vries (who would later use Thomas as the basis for the poet Gowan McGland in Reuben, Reuben) and, among other conversational gambits, â€Å"declaimed some Lear† (de Vries, qtd. in Ferris 233). That he was equally well-immersed in Yeats is verified by the fact that poems by Yeats were among those he performed on his 1950 tour of

Ap Euro Dbq

Sarmad Kako 7th period DBQ Essay The Thirty Years War devastated all of Europe from 1618-1648. The thirty Years war was principally fought throughout Central Europe and involved most of the countries in Europe. The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complex, and no single cause can accurately be described as the main reason for the fighting. Initially, it was fought largely as a religious war between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over internal politics and the balance of power within the Empire played a significant part.A major consequence of the Thirty Years' War was the devastation of entire regions, denuded by the foraging armies. Famine and disease significantly decreased the population of the German states and Bohemia, the Low Countries, and Italy, and most of the combatant powers were bankrupted. These statements and the thirty years war all led to: The fall of Spain, France’s aggression to win, and absoluti sm in France. In the two treaties of the Thirty Years War, France replaced Spain as the most powerful country in Europe. Spain was unable to recover so quickly from her great losses: she was not only without funds, but without credit, incapable of any great effort in terms of money or man-power†¦Her king was old and in dubious health; he had just one son, young and rather feeble†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Document 3, this was said by King Louis XIV. Louis XIV shows bias in this document by presenting the flaws and exaggerating Spain’s situation; making it seem like Spain was going to fall and no one will be/is there to rule it. He made it seem like there was no competition, only him left.The Spanish navy was badly crushed and Portugal revolted against Spanish rule, corrupting Ferdinand II. Louis XIV aggression to win most made huge statements across Europe. King Louis XIV in document 3 along with document 5 shows tons of bias; he only talks about how great France is and how they woul dn’t make it without his foreseeing and support. France had many allies during the thirty years war for example, France. King Louis XIV talks about how he couldn’t have won alone, but it was mainly his success. In the course of this war I flatter myself that I demonstrated what France, unaided, can achieve†¦All of my subjects supported me to the best of their ability: in the armies, by their valour, in my kingdom, by their zeal, and in foreign lands† Document 5. Louis XIV was very one sided and believed France was above everyone else. In addition, France was backed by Sweden, from what you see in Document 2 Sweden soldiers thought of peasants as sub-human and believed they freely act without judgment.After the thirty years war was over, France sprung into the age of absolutism. King Louis XIV fought to eliminate Protestants and the practicing of their faith in France. King Louis XIV’s ideas were always respected and no one dared to cross judge his ide as; as said in Document 7, â€Å"All the eyes are fixed on him alone; it is to him that all the wishes are addressed; he alone receives all the respects; he alone is the object of all hopes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Even though France had a Protestant population, Louis XIV wanted France to be pure of Protestants and their believing’s.The Thirty’s Years war devastated all of Europe; financially, economically, and politically. So great was the devastation brought about by the war that estimates put the reduction of population in the  German states. Catholics and Protestants went to war in the Holy Roman Empire due to the power struggle that could hold on no longer. France was completely bankrupted (Document 9) and sent famine across Europe. The thirty years war all led to: The fall of Spain, France’s aggression to win, and absolutism in France.

Meanings of the Spanish Word Papel

Meanings of the Spanish Word Papel The Spanish word papel is a cognate of the English word paper and often has the same meaning. Papel also has an important and frequently used meaning not associated with the English word, that of a role, such as in a play or job. Papel With Meanings Related to Paper When referring to paper, papel can refer to paper in general or to a single sheet or piece, although hoja de papel can also refer to a sheet: Una bola de papel puede ser un buen juguete para tu gato. (A wad of paper can be a good toy for your cat.)Las dimensiones de un papel A4 son 297 mm x 210 mm. (The dimensions of an A4 sheet of paper are 297 millimeters by 210 millimeters.)Aunque de inicio no lo creas, una hoja de papel simple puede soportar un peso significativo. (Although at first you may not believe it, a single sheet of paper can support a significant weight.)El papel de arroz se usa en la cocina asitica. (Rice paper is used in Asian cooking.)El papel se ha convertido en uno de los productos emblemà ©ticos de nuestra cultura. (Paper has become one of the products characteristic of our culture.)Ayer yo necesitaba un papel para anotar algo. (Yesterday I needed a sheet of paper in order to write something down.) Papel in singular or plural can refer to documents of various kinds: No necesito un papel para confirmar que estamos juntos. (I dont need a document to prove that were together.)Me dijeron que necesito firmar algà ºn papel de prà ©stamo. (They told me I need to sign some loan document.)Si no tiene papeles de estadà ­a legal y es arrestado, tiene derecho a guardar silencio y pedir un abogado. (If you dont have residence documents and are arrested, you have the right to remain silent and ask for a lawyer.) Papel Referring to Roles Papel frequently refers to an acting role: La modelo venezolana es conocida por su papel de Rosita. (The Venezuelan model is known for her role as Rosita.)Hollywood sà ³lo tiene un papel para los actores rabes. (Hollywood has only one role for Arab actors.)Alejandro tenà ­a un papel pequeà ±o en una escena en la pelà ­cula. (Alejandro had a small role in one scene in the film.) More broadly, papel can refer to almost any kind of role, for both people and things: La universidad tiene un papel importante porque forma valores. (The university has an important role because it forms values.)La iglesia tuvo un papel crucial en la Europa medieval. The church had a crucial role in medieval Europe.Los cientà ­ficos desempeà ±arà ­an un papel central en este proceso de reforma ambiental. Scientists played a central role in this process of environmental reform.La Cmara siempre entendià ³ que el presidente tiene un rol importante en estos asuntos. (The House always understood that the president has an important role in these matters.) Papel in Phrases Among the phrases and idioms that use the word papel are these: asumir el papel - to assume the rolehacer el papel, interpretar el papel - to play the rolepapel blanco, papel en blanco - blank sheet (can be used figuratively)papel cuchà © - glossy paperpapel de aluminio, papel de estaà ±o, papel de plata - aluminum foil (the latter two literally refer to tin and silver foil but are nevertheless sometimes used to refer to aluminum foil)papel de embalar - wrapping paper (such as for a gift)papel higià ©nico - toilet paper, bath tissuepapel moneda - paper moneypapel perià ³dico - newsprintpapel picado  - a type of decorative perforated paper popular in Mexico as a decorationpapel pintado - wallpaperperder los papeles - to lose self-controlsobre el papel - in theory, on papertomar un papel - to take a roletrozo de papel - piece of paper Etymology of Papel Like the English word paper, papel comes from the Latin papyrus, which came from the Greek papyros, referring to a plant from which paper was once made. The meaning of papel as a role comes from the roll of paper that actors roles once were written on. (Despite the different spelling, the English role also comes from that usage.) The Spanish rol is often used synonymously for that meaning. Key Takeaways Papel is often synonymous with the English paper and can be used for different kinds of paper and documents.Papel also can refer to various kinds roles played by people or objects.

Decision Making Essay

Decision Making Essay Decision Making Essay Monica Washington Lisa Wright Human Relations 03-23-2013 Short paper: Work stress "Workplace stress" is the harmful physical and emotional responses that can happen when there is a conflict between job demands on the employee and the amount of control an employee has over meeting these demands. Work stress is the major cause of stress for many people who are working in the workplace. Work stress is something that is a serious impact on our behavior and is the cause of stress that contributes to employees’ stress in the organizations today. This type of stress can be very emotional to the employees and employers. According to Jeanne Segal, Ph.D., Melinda Smith, M.A., Lawrence Robinson, and Robert Segal, M.A. (December 2012),†Your emotions are contagious, and stress has an impact on the quality of your interactions with others†. I agree with that statement, because when you are stressed your emotions get caught up with the fact that you are stressed and you start to take your emotions out on other things and also the people that work around you. Stress is a part of our everyday lifestyle no matter if it’s social or work related and can become very harmful. Harmful work stress is known to be associated with the demand of the job, uncomfortable with the job environment and lack of communication with the employees and the employer. Even though we as employees can’t control the amount of stress in the workplace, but we can try to found ways to manage the workplace stress. I feel the employers should do things like, talk to the employees about what might make them feel stress at the workplace and provide some training to maintain employees’ skills. Employees should also suggest something to the employer to reduce the stress in the workplace. I feel some of the things we can do is to tell the employer of some of the stress that we are experiencing, the

Free sample - Dreaming. translation missing

Dreaming. DreamingIn Kelly Bulkley’s mystical dreaming, analysis on the patterns in form, content and meaning has been carried out based on a non-experimental research study based on religion. Interviews were carried on 100 Americans whereby four major hypothesis were put forward on: mystical experiences are derived from abnormal and pathological brain functioning; they are characterized by the Jamesian marks ineffability, anoetic or knowledge-gaining, quality, transience, and passivity; mystical experiences are cultural constructions enhanced by an individual’s history, religion, language and the social environment one is exposed to; and leading towards consciousness or absolute unitary being. This presents a basis for contrasting on the appropriate level of analysis of mystism be it physical or phenomenological and whether mystical dreams are real or apparent presenting an argument on pluralism versus universalism. This, unlike previous studies, has been based on findings of dr eam research. Findings provide further support for these hypotheses and also show that mystical dreams are more prevalent in women in comparison to men.   The study was carried out through personal interviews on family life, political afflictions and religious convictions.   The variables investigated were the respondent’ details, settings, color and emotions experienced in the dream. 65 women and 35 men ranging from 19-86, with an average age of 46, were interviewed for one to five hours. There were however several limitations on scope, the age range, religious composition, breadth of an individual’s experience and occupational diversity. Findings tabulated showed that 94% of the participants were able to describe their most memorable dream. At least 89% experienced sexually arousing dreams which were positive and enjoyable with the number of women being slightly higher at 91% in comparison to 87% in men. Dreams on visitation were quite prevalent at 69% with women experiencing 50% in contrast to the men’s high of 79%. Dreams on self-awareness and lucidity were more prevalent in men.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dreams on evil presence were evenly common at 53%. However, mystical dreams were considerably more experienced by women rather than men who had the lowest frequency at 40% in comparison to any other type of dream experienced. Mystical dreams experienced involved unusual and non-human characters, friendly interactions, positive emotions, and good fortunes. This is in contrast to non-religious dreams which involve negative content and emotions coupled with aggressive social interactions and misfortunes. The individual’s interpretation and understanding as to the motif of the dream have been observed in the study of 42 core dreams which have been either on single or multiple occurrences. These motifs were death, Christianity, light, precognition, reassurance, nightmare, epistemological uncertainty, and impact–no memory. Psychologists view dreams to be filled with strange, bizarre and supernatural phenomena. However, they are neither disjointed, nor fragmented and vague but are coherent, vivid and consistent with real-life emotional, social and religious experiences. These further serves to illustrate that dreams are not random and irrelevant but are an expression of human experiences through imagination. The abnormal/pathological brain function theory was supported by three people who experienced their dreams when ill. However, most of the people sampled were perfectly healthy at the time the survey was conducted hence the dreams could not have been caused by brain defe cts. A Jamesian mark on ineffability is contravened by the fact that most people can precisely describe the details of their dreams. Most of the dreams were found to be coherent, memorable and enduring. However, the dreams were anoetic since the persons regularly described them as sources of true insight and knowledge. Therefore, James’ claim as a whole is contravened. The culturalist approach is widely supported by the study. Christian motifs serve a basis for religion whereby they represent a symbolic world. The dreams were strongly felt although they were spiritually mystical. It seems that most dreams are influenced by multiple factors of culture, religion, history, and language.   The â€Å"pure consciousness† view by which mystical experiences are regarded as varying approximations of a unitary mode of being have not been widely supported in the light motif.   (Bulkeley) In an experimental procedure provided by Brigitte Holzinger, Stephen Laberge and Lynne Levitan on the Psychophysiological Correlates of Lucid Dreaming, the study sought to electrophysiological differences between lucid and non-lucid dreams in REM sleep have been explored. This has been classified as an experimental study since the causal effect of REM periods has been investigated against theta power, alpha power, beta-1 power, beta-2 power, total power, heart rate, eye movements and muscular activity. Lucid dreaming was found to be vital in therapeutic settings such as solving recurrent nightmares. The hypothesis is that lucid dreams are associated with higher frequencies in the EEG spectrum. This study involved a sample of seven men and four women experienced lucid dreamer volunteers ranging from 21 to 37 years who underwent polysomnographic recordings for two consecutive nights in a sleep laboratory. The subjects were full aware of the dream state, the possibility of making free decisions under clear consciousness, perception by all senses, full memory of waking life, full memory of all lucid dream experiences in the waking state and in the lucid dream state and awareness of the meaning of symbols. Eye movements, heart rate, blood pressure, and skin potential in lucid and non-lucid dreams were compared. There were a number of physiological variables such as lucid REM periods recorded through EEG data onto an Ampex analog tape recorder while others on polygraph paper.   Later, the EEG data were digitized, using a BECKMAN polygraph and a CODAS computer interface, with a sampling rate of either 100 or 125 points per second. A computer program read in the digitized EEG da ta as well as the averaged calibration, applying FFT. The program then summed the spectral analyses into the appropriate frequency bands such as DELTA, THETA, ALPHA, BETA-1 and BETA-2. In this study methodology, light stimuli were used for lucid dream induction whereby a sleep mask was equipped with two extra-bright red light-emitting diodes. The stimulus was triggered through pressing a button 7 minutes after each REM onset of eight flashes in 2 seconds (4 Hz) determined by polysomnography. Response was initiated through eye movements such as LR2 ( left-right left-right) in order to indicate lucidity and LR4 (left, right, left, right, left, right, left, right) to indicate a waking state. The subjects were all aware as to what constituted a lucid dream and its volitional control. This was further enhanced by eye signals initiated once a dream state was achieved.   If a response was not initiated, the light stimulus was then re-triggered after each REM onset. If there still was no response, the subjects were then awakened after 30 seconds and asked to record their experience and rate the dream either as lucid or non-lucid. Else, if a subject signaled, the light st imulus was not re-triggered. A false awakening was detected when an LR4 signal was made when the subject was still asleep.  Ã‚   Lucid dreams were hence identified by an LR2 signal visible in polysomnography and an actual account reported by the subject.   Differences between lucid and non-lucid epochs consisting of 7.5-second time units, a discriminant function analysis and MANOVA were carried out. The ANOVA approach was then used to contrast between the onset of lucidity and the non-lucid state.   Findings showed that lucid dreams occurred during periods of increased physiological activation. The essence of the experimental study was to find out on the existence of psychological differences between lucid and non-lucid REM epochs which consisted of various variables: theta power, alpha power, beta-1 power, beta-2 power, total power, heart rate, eye movements and muscular activity (EMG).A discriminant function analysis yielded six variables, splitting the data set with a Canonical Correlation of 0.494 and Chisquare of 10.419. Criteria of non-lucid epochs were the means of the eye movements, total power of the right parietal hemisphere and beta-1 of the right frontal lobe, whereas criteria of lucid epochs were beta-2 and beta-1 of the right parietal lobe and beta-1 of the left frontal lobe. Discriminant function analysis produced a predicted group membership of 69% for non-lucid epochs and 77.8% for lucid ones. (Levitan et al) References Levitan, B. H. Psychophysiological Correlates of Lucid Dreaming. Psychology of Dreams. (2009, October 4). Retrieved November 9, 2010, from Buzzle.com

Death penalty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Death penalty - Research Paper Example Marzili observes that Criminologists, Lawyers and other practitioners have over the years tried to analyze and study the rate at which murder declined after murderers are executed but there have been no authoritative conclusive results. In 1973 however, Isaac Ehrilch research carried in the United Sates showed that for every one inmate executed, seven lives were spared as potential murderers were prevented from committing such crimes. The results were similarly observed by his disciples. For those who support capital punishment, the likelihood of tangible results not being felt, they argue, is as a result of lack of swiftness in executing the convicted culprits. For this MSU authoritatively asserts that: ‘’The fact that some states or countries which do not use the death penalty have lower murder rates than jurisdictions which do is not evidence of the failure of deterrence. States with high murder rates would have even higher rates if they did use the death penalty’. Indeed, others have supported the argument citing that it is preventive in the sense that people in general fear death more so death that is planned and decided by the courts. Even more interestingly is the fact that death penalty against a murderer would prevent him from committing any other offence ever and thus seen as a permanent deterrent measure. Further, these executions take approximately forty days before they are conducted. But one issue that begs the question why should the convicted be made to wait on death row? Why long wait in death row While the death penalty is seen by many as just, some people have argued that often times those convicted of murder and sentenced to death are put on wait for too long. This is more compounded by the cost incurred as any investigation relating to death penalty usually costs three times more than a non-death case (Marzili 50). When one is convicted and sentenced to death, they are usually put on death row during which time the state expends housing, health-care and food costs on them. However, some of the reasons which have been cited for long death row are many and how that affects the cases have some moral standing (Marzili, 58). First, if the convict becomes sick or ill, then he has to be treated before the execution takes place. Olando (2009) provides a case where in 2003 about $121,025 was spent on a life saving dialysis for a condemned killer who had been subjected to death row for six years. This was the case involving Horacio Alberto Reyes who was c onvicted of murdering Maria Zetina. He wanted a kidney transplant and argued that this would save tax payers in the long run (Olarndo 8). Secondly, it allows for arbitrary search of any pending justice. Reverend Jesse Jackson had once argued that death sentence is basically an arbitrary punishment. According to him, it does not entail objective templates or guidelines when it should be sought or executed. Therefore, the lack of the objectivity leading to discriminatory practices puts it that whoever is sentenced is allowed humble time to seek redress through an appeal. He further argues that many Americans support of death penalty is anchored on individual propensity to violence, an individual’s criminal history among other factors; parameters

Business and Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business and Globalisation - Essay Example A third reason is the arrival of the information age, with computers and the internet which means that people and businesses can receive instant news about developments all across the world. New links, for example between raw material suppliers, manufacturers and markets for finished products can be spotted, created and managed very easily. Some people think that it is a very positive phenomenon, for example Dehasa (2006) who believes that this increased circulation of goods across the world will be a win-win situation, and that everyone will make money from it. Others see that there are also disadvantages, for example Steglitz (2002) who points out that when a small business, or a community which depends on one or two main products comes into a much bigger market, then it has very little control over what happens in that market. In countries like Colombia, for example, with its dependence on coffee production through the first half of the twentieth century, exporting their goods was a great benefit for a while, so long as the price of coffee was high and people in other countries wanted to buy it. There are problems, however, when for example competition grows and the price drops, or when major buyers get involved in war, for example, and the demand is suddenly no longer there. This kind of event can be absorbed in a bigger and more diverse business field, but it can be devastating to smaller or tightly focused business areas. There is also a significant inequality between developed countries, who often set the quality standards and the prices, and less developed countries, who have very little choice in the deals that are set up. A further dimension of globalisation is the effect that it has on the world’s resources, and this includes both materials for production, and the environment in which these materials are produced. Some resources, like the hardwood forests of the Amazon, are limited in size and the destruction of rainforests may bring short ter m gains for businesses, both in South America and in the countries where their trading partners are, but there will be longer term effects which are potentially serious for the whole world. When business is international, crossing national boundaries and involving transnational organisations and multi-national companies, then it is often hard to see who should be responsible for the effect on the planet. Many companies have good ethical policies which prevent extreme damage from occurring, but there are also many others which exploit scarce resources with no thought for the consequences on the earth, or on local people. One of the ways that these issues can be addressed is to combine globalisation with sustainable development. This can work with renewable resources like wood, but it is not a solution for finite resources like oil and some rare minerals and metals. If a business wants to take advantage of globalisation, then it must make very careful preparations before launching int o a big venture. People use terms like â€Å"the global village† to refer to the way that the world is increasingly connected, but very often there are huge cultural differences that make true communication very difficult (Brysk, 2000). A good example of this is the

Trends in Society and Cultrure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Trends in Society and Cultrure - Essay Example This essay stresses that business entities should seek to be morally responsible in their effort to get their profit. If a company is not held responsible of its action, there will be a lot of destruction to the universe, in general. As the paper discusses businesses that wish to go green make this with long- term objectives in mind. This eventually leads to a greater productivity in the work place, though not seen directly. When a company goes green, the business area becomes a healthier environment. A healthy work environment leads to strong employees, and hence greater output; it has a domino effect, which leads to many advantages such as less health care costs for both employees and employers. Other advantages include education to those working there. This will go a long way in saving the universe. The commercial system is controlled by statute in the use of resources. There is a lot of distortion in the business community as to going green. This has led to a massive ecological debt as well as natural disasters frequency. Businesses can do a lot to improve and be eco- efficient. This will continue through integrating eco-efficiency in their strategies. The difference ecologically sustainable companies’ experience is that they use natural resources slower and below the average production policy. They do not cause emissions that accumulate in the environment at the rate beyond the capacity of the natural order to absorb and integrate these emissions. They should not participate in any activity that would also deteriorate the eco-system services (Dyllick and Hockerts, 2002, p.72). Ecological sustainability analysis is based on the realizations that on a finite planet the depreciation of natural capital. It is noted that the willingness of the managers will in turn encourage employees to undertake environmental initiatives. Stated, environmental policies may not encompass much of a direct impact on employees’ willingness to eco-innovate (Lovins, 2002, 146). There are many benefits to going

Compare and Contrast Michelangelo Buonarroti with Modern Artist Assignment

Compare and Contrast Michelangelo Buonarroti with Modern Artist - Assignment Example The paper "Compare and Contrast Michelangelo Buonarroti with Modern Artist" explores the similarities and differences of Michelangelo Buonarroti and modern artists. Considering the portrayal of people on the images of both artists, it should be emphasized that both Michelangelo and Bouguereau regarded people as the key theme of their art. While Michelangelo made emphasis on biblical and mythological subjects, Bouguereau created images of the ordinary people as well. Nevertheless, these ordinary people look like angels and goddesses due to the color spectrum used, and to the softness of curves and lineaments. In fact, the depiction of putti, children, as well as women’s statures cannot be performed with rough features. Michelangelo, in his turn, in the strive for realism created images with visible, and, almost tangible relief. However, his female characters are not always soft and tender. Hence, Sibyls by Michelangelo look tough, massive, and even beefy, while even peasant wom en by Bouguereau look like nymphs, with their childish lineaments, soft curves, and mild tones. The works by these two masters have lots in common; however, the differences are essential. Bouguereau’s colors look milder; however, it is hard to define the initial quality of Michelangelo’s colors. Anyway, both artists managed to create realistic images of the human faces and statures. Therefore, sculpture-like Michelangelo’s characters look almost three dimensional, while Bouguereau relies on realistic embodiment of the divine characters.

Ford Competitors Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ford Competitors Analysis - Case Study Example Toyota is the main competitor and specializes in making simple but reliable cars. The latter also has a wider global market as compared to Ford, which mainly operates in six continents. However, Ford Company has a credit company that aims at giving financial services hence diversifying its operation. The company’s financial services earn more income as compared to the ones by Toyota. In vehicle production, Ford has an advantage over Toyota in the production of smart and electric cars (Edmonston, 2012). Ford operations have been restricted due to the government’s stringent penalties on emission standards. Toyota and General Motors have invested heavily in waste containment and hence they are able to produce more. This also gives them easier access to government funding and subsidization on raw materials. Ford has been investing in the production of smart cars including Lincoln and Ford cars, which are fairly new to the global market. This has led to the production of exc ess capacity as compared to Toyota and Honda that mostly has a ready market. Ford has produced Fiesta, which is a smart car that is developed using Ford SYNC technology. However, Chrysler has also been actively involved in the use of R&D capabilities to produce Dodge Charger and Chrysler 300 (Vlasic, 2012). The latter models compete with Lincoln and Ford cars with the new Chrysler Dodge Dart competing with EcoSport in capabilities and fuel efficiency. Chrysler is known to produce quality sports cars, which is a setback for EcoSport (Crisp, 2012). General Motors is also involved in the production of mini and electric cars also using R&D capabilities to supply its large global market position. Disparate with Ford, Toyota, and Chrysler, General Motors has a range of hybrid electric cars developed using multiple technologies. Its Opel Ampera and Chevrolet Volt are the main competitors for Lincoln and Ford cars (Vlasic, 2012).  

Compare and Contrast Michelangelo Buonarroti with Modern Artist Assignment

Compare and Contrast Michelangelo Buonarroti with Modern Artist - Assignment Example The paper "Compare and Contrast Michelangelo Buonarroti with Modern Artist" explores the similarities and differences of Michelangelo Buonarroti and modern artists. Considering the portrayal of people on the images of both artists, it should be emphasized that both Michelangelo and Bouguereau regarded people as the key theme of their art. While Michelangelo made emphasis on biblical and mythological subjects, Bouguereau created images of the ordinary people as well. Nevertheless, these ordinary people look like angels and goddesses due to the color spectrum used, and to the softness of curves and lineaments. In fact, the depiction of putti, children, as well as women’s statures cannot be performed with rough features. Michelangelo, in his turn, in the strive for realism created images with visible, and, almost tangible relief. However, his female characters are not always soft and tender. Hence, Sibyls by Michelangelo look tough, massive, and even beefy, while even peasant wom en by Bouguereau look like nymphs, with their childish lineaments, soft curves, and mild tones. The works by these two masters have lots in common; however, the differences are essential. Bouguereau’s colors look milder; however, it is hard to define the initial quality of Michelangelo’s colors. Anyway, both artists managed to create realistic images of the human faces and statures. Therefore, sculpture-like Michelangelo’s characters look almost three dimensional, while Bouguereau relies on realistic embodiment of the divine characters.

America and the Great War 1914-1920 Research Paper

America and the Great War 1914-1920 - Research Paper Example roy the international equilibrium and interfered with the balance of power; the America’s tradition of isolation had become out of control, and it could no longer be sustained in the era of growing independency, and the quest for America’s independence (Abbott et al. 123). Back in 1917, President Woodrow Wilson, before a joint Congress session, requested for a declaration of War against Germany. He claimed that the Germans violated the American request to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare in the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic (Goldfield et al. 464). Germany also attempted to persuade Mexico to collaborate with them, and wage war against the United State. The U.S. senate, on April 4, 1917, voted in favor for declaring war against Germany. On December 7, 1917, the United Sates waged war against Austria-Hungary (Ford 23). Germany’s submarine attack on merchant and passenger ships, in 1917, is one of the key reasons that motivated the U.S. senators’ decision to participate, in the World War I. Wilson threatened to frustrate the U.S. diplomatic relations with Germany, following the sinking of Sussex, unarmed French boat, in English Channel, in March 1916 (Goldfield et al. 473). He asserted that the U.S. was not going to have any diplomatic relation with Germany, unless Germany desists from attacking crew merchant and passenger ships. In response, German Government accepted to refrain from these attacks, under terms and conditions that was referred to as â€Å"Sussex pledge† (Goldfield et al. 473). German Government’s pledge changed later, in January 1917. Representatives from the German navy, during a wartime conference meeting that month, claimed that continuation of unrestricted submarine warfare was a strategic move that will see them defeat Great Britain, in the Great War. They based their arguments on the basis that they were capable of violating â€Å"Sussex pledge† since the United States was no longer a neutral party after offering

The Importance of the Opening in Enduring Love Essay Example for Free

The Importance of the Opening in Enduring Love Essay The opening of a piece of literature is very important as it is responsible for creating the interest and anticipation that will drive the reader to carry on and enjoy it. Readers expect openings to include a couple of key areas like the setting, the introduction of characters and interest through a form of enigma or tension. Ian McEwan’s Enduring Love both conforms and challenges what a reader would expect of an opening through opening on what seems to be a climactic point of the book. Opening with the balloon incident immediately creates tension. McEwan’s choice of opening sentence is particularly effective. â€Å"the beginning is simple to mark† firstly because this foreshadows that the event will be colossus, and that the reader is the lucky one how gets to discover what happens. And secondly that starting a story with â€Å"the beginning† links quite strongly to religion and creates this biblical tone right from the start. This is interesting because religion is what Joe seems to disagree with seeing as he is very scientific and this choice of wording seems to ominously suggest a link between Joe and Jed and in fact how similar they are. The opening also introduces the narrative voice in enduring love which is particularly important because the story is told through the first person retrospective narrative of Joe rose. This causes the reader to form a sense of reliability and truth as is required as the story is told through only one person’s experience. The inclusion of words like †labyrinth† implies that confusion and complication are a part of the story and causes the reader to rely even more on the narrate voice of Joe. The reference to various senses heightens verisimilitude as every detail felt through the senses of the character is described. â€Å"As the cool neck and the black foil touched my hand†. Furthermore including such fine details creates an early sense of reliability in the narrative voice. There are numerous references to the wind in the opening which is involved with the tranquil setting but stands out as â€Å"strong gusty wind† suggests danger and creates tension. There is also the personification of the wind â€Å"the wind roared† linking the wind to animalistic foreshadows that it will be a danger. The image of the buzzard is also significant as it creates a filmic perspective on the event, like the buzzard is the omniscient creature that observes the already highly anticipated event. The buzzard’s image of being all-seeing and free can be linked to the image of God and once again further to Jed.

Supply Chain of Toyota Motors

Supply Chain of Toyota Motors In the automotive industry, supply chains are extensive and include elements of producing based on several forecasting techniques. The amount of money invested is large and fixed. Key trend in the automotive industry is the increase of the variant numbers on individual models and standardization of components in the supply chain. This means that models can be adjusted to the individual tastes of customers and new models are developed and produced continuously in order to meet the changing market demand. The uncertainty in the market place is translated into mix flexibility and volume flexibility in order to be competitive in the market place. The supply chain which was developed by Toyota was one of the premier in Low Cost supply chains. The entire chain was intended to reduce the costs and get the cost to minimal possible values. But there was no compromise on customer satisfaction, quality and delivery time. It maintained reasonable service levels. The objective of the SCM was to place the Right Product at the right store in right quantities catering to the right customer at right time and a right price. The supply chain created by Toyota (Exhibit 2) was highly integrated. It had a complete integration of right from the raw material providers to its Tier 1 and 2 vendors along with the manufacturing plants, warehouses , dealers and end customers. International collaborators were also a part of the supply chain which made it even more robust and inclusive. The analyses of some of elements of this highly integrated SCM are as below Suppliers Toyota organized its suppliers into functional tiers. The first tier suppliers worked together in a product development team and the second tier suppliers made individual parts. The first tier suppliers were highly co-operative. There is a high degree of co-operation and information exchange between them. This greatly reduces the lead time in new product development as it avoids Re-inventing the wheel. Toyota also believes in having an overall technological development throughout their suppliers as well. It sends personnel to suppliers to compensate for greater working load. Besides that it also transfers senior working managers for top positions at their suppliers. This not only gives the suppliers greater insights to Toyotas management practices but is also a move to make the suppliers master Lean production practices initiated by Toyota. Related to flexibility, the following can be said. Since Toyota strives for a long-term relationship with its suppliers and also pursues a single-sourcing strategy for their strategic components, it does leave the OEM vulnerable for disruptions. But, the single-sourcing strategy is also a means to establish a long-term and flexible relationship with a supplier. Since each supplier shares its destiny with other suppliers and Toyota, the level of collaboration horizontally and vertically is higher. Therefore, a singly sourcing strategy itself is considered to be as hazardous, the relationship itself is far more flexible then a more economic-oriented relationship between a buyer-and-supplier. The concept of minimal production cost is so well practice that the vendor pricing is also done on Market Price Minus concept rather than Supplier Cost Plus This is basically a value analysis to the end user. By this particular move they try to provide the necessary value to the end product at minimal manufacturing cost. Besides that the production smoothening concept enables the suppliers to maintain a constant business volumes. Overall the intention of the company is to maintain long term relationships with co-operation and team work. Procurement Toyota does not partner with its suppliers just functionally but in operation terms as well. Suppliers are integral elements of Toyota. They are geographically located within 56 miles radius. A security of guaranteed order is given which enables them to produce the best quality raw materials at cheapest cost achieving economies of scale. Toyota does not believe in choosing supplier as a lowest bidder. But it believes in gradual mutual improvement. It believes in vendor creation and development. As an initiative in this direction it trains its suppliers as per required. Packaging is also given a great importance with respect to transportation efficiency. Packaging is done in medium box size and small pallets. There is a dedicated transport service. Consistent daily route and periodic route revision is provided so as to cater to even smaller requirements. Supplier Relations Toyota has a supplier partnership hierarchy in which it develops or builds relations with its suppliers. This is called as supplier partnership hierarchy. This hierarchy is as described below. Kaizen and training 6. Interlocking Structure Joint Improvement 7. Mutual Understanding and Trust Information Sharing Compatible Capabilities Control System As per this particular hierarchy what Toyota tries to achieve is create levels of responsibilities in the tiers itself along with strict cost and timing awareness. It has integrated the JIT (Just In Time) approach also Toyota can be considered as the first automobile brand that introduced a clear need for flexibility in its entire business system. Toyotas lean philosophy is not only restricted to its manufacturing system: it describes a philosophy that incorporates a collection of tools and techniques into the business processes to optimize time, human resources, assets, and productivity while improving the quality level of products and services to their customers. Currently, several automobile brands clearly recognize the strength of lean thinking in relation to increase flexibility in their supply chain activities. In the dyadic relationship between a buyer and supplier, emphasis is put on how the work can be done smoothly in order to improve quality and reduce costs. Best value procurement becomes more important instead of merely a cost-oriented approach that ensures a close relationship with suppliers. First tier suppliers are incorporated into the production development program. This means that suppliers make their own engineering decisions instead of designing on the basis of blueprints solely. Next to this, these suppliers have their own 2ndtier suppliers under itself who supply parts for these components. This ensures that the exchange of information is possible horizontally which improves the collaboration between suppliers. This collaborative aspect is of major importance in a relationship when market demand (or other influences) requ ires changes of demand in the buyer-supplier relationship. This collaborative aspect among suppliers is rather uncommon in many industries since sharing information increases the risk of losing the next bidding process among suppliers to an assembler. As a preliminary conclusion, the Toyota cases sheds light on the mix, volume, new product and delivery time aspects of flexibility in SCM. MANUFACTURING Toyota believes in continuous development by adopting lean production process and is a pioneered in TPS known as (Toyota Production System). The system is designed on Pull strategy and customer is at the prime focus in the entire production facility. It implements lean production facility which has features like Cellular layouts and could be set up in small time. It has pull scheduling emphasizing decreased wastes. Loss aversion is one of the basic feature of lean. Besides that Toyota also assures six sigma qualities. The overall result of this policy being excellent quality at low costs combined with fast response abilities. Exhibit 3 shows some key principles of Lean manufacturing by Toyota DISTRIBUTION It applies Toyota way to manage dealers based on 3 key principles Complete freedom to dealers to make decisions. It helps them invest in right things to improve. Dealers become extremely proactive because of this move Toyota believes in joint development with dealers. It believes in organic growth with dealers Competition is key to improvement Exhibit 4 shows the geographical distribution of Toyota WHAT MAKES TOYOTA DIFFERENT FROM ITS COMPETITORS? Toyota has an earthquake resilient supply chain- An pioneering initiative Toyota and other Japanese automakers were forced to halt a large portion of their production both inside and outside Japan for months after the earthquake and tsunami cut off the supply of hundreds of parts from the countrys devastated northeast. Toyota was taking three steps to fight supply chain risks that he expected would be completed in roughly five years. The first is to further standardize parts across Japanese automakers so they could share common components that could be manufactured in several locations. The second step is to ask suppliers further down the chain to hold enough inventory perhaps a few months worth for specialized components that cannot be built in more than one location, or take anti-quake measures that guarantee safety against any tremor or tsunami. Part of the second step would involve developing technology that would provide more options for parts and materials, such as substituting rare earths found mostly in China. The third step to becoming more resilient was to make each region independent in its parts procurement so that a disaster in Japan would not affect production overseas.

Function of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) :: Politics Political Essays

Function of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Functioning as a Palestinian government, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was founded in 1964 as a political body representing the Palestinians in their efforts to reclaim their country from the Israelis. Originally an umbrella organization of refugee and military groups, it was ultimately joined by professional, labour and student associations and also by some individuals. The purpose of the PLO is to help the Palestinians "to recover their usurped homes" and to replace Israel with a secular Palestinian state. To that end, it has been responsible for commando acts both in Israel and in other countries. The PLO works through three parts: 1.the Executive Committee, a decision-making body 2.the Central Committee, an advisory body 3.the Palestine National Council which is generally viewed as an assembly of the Palestinian people Yasser Arafat has been the head of the PLO since 1968. In 1974 at an Arab summit in Rabat, Morocco, the PLO was recognized as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people". Subsequent to this, Arafat addressed the United Nations where the organization was given official observer status. In 1970 the PLO commandos fought a short but bloody war with the Jordanian army after which they were expelled from that country and settled in Lebanon. Little by little, they became a state within a state, and thus contributed to the disintegration of Lebanon after 1975. The aftermath of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 was to disperse some 12,000 PLO members to Syria and other Arab countries. Those loyal to Arafat made their headquarters in Tunis, where an Israeli bombing raid in 1985 severely damaged their headquarters and other buildings. Palestine is the ancient name of a Middle Eastern country situated on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Its size has varied greatly throughout its history and its exact borders are even now in dispute. Its location at the junction of trade routes linking three continents has meant that it was a melting pot for religious and cultural influences. It has also, unfortunately, been a natural battleground for the region's powerful states and thus subject to domination by them, the first of these being Egypt in the third millennium BC. Function of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) :: Politics Political Essays Function of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Functioning as a Palestinian government, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was founded in 1964 as a political body representing the Palestinians in their efforts to reclaim their country from the Israelis. Originally an umbrella organization of refugee and military groups, it was ultimately joined by professional, labour and student associations and also by some individuals. The purpose of the PLO is to help the Palestinians "to recover their usurped homes" and to replace Israel with a secular Palestinian state. To that end, it has been responsible for commando acts both in Israel and in other countries. The PLO works through three parts: 1.the Executive Committee, a decision-making body 2.the Central Committee, an advisory body 3.the Palestine National Council which is generally viewed as an assembly of the Palestinian people Yasser Arafat has been the head of the PLO since 1968. In 1974 at an Arab summit in Rabat, Morocco, the PLO was recognized as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people". Subsequent to this, Arafat addressed the United Nations where the organization was given official observer status. In 1970 the PLO commandos fought a short but bloody war with the Jordanian army after which they were expelled from that country and settled in Lebanon. Little by little, they became a state within a state, and thus contributed to the disintegration of Lebanon after 1975. The aftermath of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 was to disperse some 12,000 PLO members to Syria and other Arab countries. Those loyal to Arafat made their headquarters in Tunis, where an Israeli bombing raid in 1985 severely damaged their headquarters and other buildings. Palestine is the ancient name of a Middle Eastern country situated on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Its size has varied greatly throughout its history and its exact borders are even now in dispute. Its location at the junction of trade routes linking three continents has meant that it was a melting pot for religious and cultural influences. It has also, unfortunately, been a natural battleground for the region's powerful states and thus subject to domination by them, the first of these being Egypt in the third millennium BC.

Factors That Affects the Behavior of Students

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING INTRODUCTION This research paper is all about the factors that affect the behavior of high school students in dealing with other people. The researcher chose this kind of problem to be aware of the distinctive behavior of her fellow schoolmates, classmates, batch mates, etc. The researcher conducted this study to know the effective implications for the behaviors. Behaviorism,  a  movement  in  psychology that advocates the use of strict experimental procedures to study observable behavior n relation to the environment.The behavioristic view of psychology has its roots in the writings of the British associationist philosophers as well as in the American functionalist school of psychology and the Darwinian theory of evolution, both of which emphasize the way that individuals adapt and adjust to the environment. These problems disrupt relations with peers and adults and interfere with schooling. Children  and  adolescents who have behavi or disorders typically experience problems that are markedly different from the behavior of students of similar age and cultural background.Students  with  behavior disorders may exhibit any of a wide variety of problems. Behavior  disorders  result from many causes, including biological, familial, and environmental factors. Treatment  of  emotional or behavioral disorders has provoked controversy. Statement of the Problem This study probed on investigate the factors that affect the behavior of high school students in dealing with other people in Maryhill College as perceived by the selected third year students during the school year 2012-2013.Specifically, the study attempted to answer the following questions: 1. Which factor affects the behavior of teenagers most? 2. What are the ways of interacting with other people by the students with behavioral disorders? 3. What are the implications that may prevent this behavior to become worst? 4. What are the effects of being b ullied on the teenager’s behavior? Significance of the Study The study about factors that affect the behavior of high school students in dealing with other people is considered important for the students, teachers, parents, and administrators.In this study, we will be able to discover distinct reasons or causes of the unusual behavior of a student. If we will be able to discover the causes of this behavior or some possible treatments and implications, we can prevent it from being worse. This study will benefit the parents by knowing the proper way of parenting and raising their children with this kind of problem behavior and the teachers by being aware on how to properly educate their students who have been dealing with this kind of problem behavior. This study will also benefit the researcher and the subject teacher in the fund of knowledge.Scope and Delimitation This investigation is conducted to determine the factors that affect the behavior of high school students in deal ing with other people. The respondents will be from the selected high school students of Maryhill Collge. It may also be from other fields if needed. This study will be conducted for the school year 2012-2013. Definition of Terms Behaviorism-a movement in psychology that advocates the use of strict experiment procedures to study observable behavior in relation to the environment.Behavior-the way in which a person, organism, or group responds to a specific set of conditions Radical Behaviorism -basic behaviorism Peers-somebody who is the equal of somebody else in age or social class Nurture-people are influenced by genes Genes-the basic unit capable of transmitting characteristics from one generation to the next Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This Chapter will present studies and literature that will give light to the researcher’s problem and will help her arrive in the analysis and interpretation of the findings. Related LiteratureThe social behavior and attitudes of a child, even as he grows older and comes in contact with more and more people outside the home, are reflections of patterns prevalent in the child’s home. Habit is a lasting readiness and facility, born of frequently repeated acts for acting in a certain manner. Habits are acquiring inclinations towards something to be done. The word â€Å"habit-forming† that we use to refer to certain experiences shows how easy to overcome or alter. It acquires a strong willed person to correct a habit successfully within a limited period of time.Habits are acquired. Once acquired, they become very difficult to alter. They are therefore relatively permanent. Acquiring a habit is like starting a pathway across a lawn. Habits are not formed in an instant. They result from constantly repeated actions. After they are formed, they do not vanish instantly. It would acquire a tremendous effort to change a habit. Once family background characteristics were controlled, classroom effects such as children's overall behavior were analyzed, as were cross-level interactions between classroom and family effects.The results revealed that good behavior in the classroom and adequacy of classroom supplies were the most consistent predictors of improvement in children's self-control and behavior. Furthermore, cross-level interactions suggested that good behavior in the classroom and supplies can boost resiliency by allowing children to overcome certain deficits at home. Implications for further research and educational policy are discussed. These two forms of behavior are related to quarreling. This may consist of calling others nicknames that arouse their anger or putting emphasis on their physical or mental weaknesses.In bullying, the attacker attempts to inflict physical pain on others because of the pleasure he derives from watching their discomfort and their attempts to retaliate. Older children usually engage in these two forms of behavior. Peer pressure is asso ciated in adolescents of all ethnic and racial backgrounds with at-risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking, truancy, drug use, sexual activity, fighting, shoplifting, and daredevil stunts. Again, peer group values and attitudes influence more strongly than do family values the level of teenage alcohol use.The more accepting peers are of risky behavior, and the more they participate in that behavior, the more likely a person is to do the same thing. Culture and lifestyle strongly affect behavior for the outstandingly obvious reason that they are behavior. One's lifestyle is a collection of behaviors and habits that one perpetuates. One's culture is the setting in which one enacts those behaviors and habits which make up one's lifestyle and, due to the nature of setting, culture will, of necessity, affect one's lifestyle and, by connection, behavior.All children engage in bad behavior every now and then but some children exhibit highly challenging behavior that are consistently inapp ropriate for their age. Often those children do not simply exhibit a behavioral problem, but have an underlying behavior disorder. While there are many behavioral disorders that may e diagnosed in children, three of the most common include Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorder (CD) & Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Social Development means the attaining of maturity in the social relationships.It is the process of learning to conform to group standards, mores and traditions and becoming imbued with a sense of oneness, intercommunications, and cooperation. It was applied to a grouping within the social sciences generally understood to encompass anthropology, sociology, and psychology, except for certain nonbehavioral or nonscientific aspects of other social and biological sciences, such as biology, economics, history, geography, law, psychiatry and political science. The aim of behavioral science is to establish generalizations about human behavior tha t can be supported by empirical evidence.The study of group behavior has a long tradition among social scientists in various disciplines; it does not confine itself to any one of the recognized social sciences alone. The management field has been among those very interested in studying group behavior, particularly in the Philippines where people even in the work setting have displayed strong groupy tendencies as shown in their practices of â€Å"tayo-tayo†(we syndrome), smooth interpersonal relationships and â€Å"pagsasamahan†(togetherness). Distinction is made between human acts and acts of man. The human acts are those actions which man performs knowingly, freely and voluntarily.These actions are the result of conscious knowledge and are subject to the control of the will. We will refer to those action as deliberate, intentional, or voluntarily. The acts of man are those actions which happen in man. They are instinctive and are not within the control of the will. Su ch actions are the biological and physiological movements in man such as, metabolism, respiration, fear, anger, love & jealousy. Human behavior consists of any act of an individual person that reflects his thoughts feeling, emotions, and sentiments and in general, his state or condition.These may be conscious or unconscious activities that are predicted on his needs, values, motivations and aspirations. The art of human behavior is an old as the relationship between and among individuals and groups. Behavior modification is based on the premise that behavior is controlled by the nature of its consequences. The likehood that behaviors will be repeated increases when it is accompanied by favorable consequences. Absence of any significant consequences leads to instinction of behavior.Thus, in order to obtain the desired behaviors over the long term, these must be accompanied. Related Studies According to Watson’s theory, all complex forms of behavior – emotions, habits, a nd such – are seen as composed of simple muscular and glandular elements that can be observed and measured. He claimed that emotional reactions are learned in much the same way as other skills. Based on Skinner’s theory, known as radical behaviorism, is similar to Watson’s view that psychology is the study of observable behavior of individuals interacting with their environment.Skinner, however, disagrees with Watson’s position that inner processes, such as feelings, should be excluded from the study. He maintains that these inner processes should be studied by the usual scientific methods, with particular emphasis on controlled experiments using individual animals and humans. His research with animals focusing on the kind of learning – known as operant conditioning – that occurs as a consequence of stimuli, demonstrates that complex behavior such as language and problem solving can be studied scientifically.He postulated a type of psycholog ical conditioning known as reinforcement. According to Dr. Leticia Penano-Ho, â€Å"The Bullies have a strong need to dominate; impulsive and easily angered; defiant and aggressive toward adults; prefer TV shows, music, music and reading materials with violent themes; may be involved in gangs or anti-social group on the fringe of peer acceptance; have had negative parenting and have failed to bond with their caregivers leading to feeling of alienation; have little or no supervision and often victims of abuse in home.The Bullied are cautious, sensitive, quiet, withdrawn, and shy, anxious, insecure, unhappy and have low self esteem; are depressed and engage in suicidal ideation; do not have a single good friend and can relate better to adults than to peers; and very often have real or perceived disabilities. Chapter III METHODOLOGY Research Design The research study used the descriptive method of research. This was said to be descriptive because it described the factors that affects the behavior of the teenagers. Through the kind of method, the researcher would be able to describe the factors that affect the behavior of teenager. Sources of DataThe respondents of this research were the 10 selected high school students of Maryhill College Lucena City. The said respondents were chosen because they were the one who experienced the changes that were happening around them that usually affect their behavior. Instrumentation The researcher used the questionnaire as the source of information for the study. Though the questionnaire, the researcher would be able to determine the factor that affects the behavior of teenagers at the recent time. The questionnaires were distributed to after it was explained to them that the said questionnaire would be retrieved after two days.Data Gathering Procedure The researcher gathered data through the use of the questionnaire. These questionnaires were distributed to the 40 selected high school students of Maryhill College. And aside from the questionnaire, book and internet website were also used by the researcher as a supplementary for this research study. Through this questionnaire and the reference used, the researcher was able to determine the problem which is the factors that affects the behavior of the teenagers. This research study would also serve as a reference for those people who are curious about the factors that affect the behavior of an individual.Data Analysis Plan To ensure systematic and objective presentation, analysis, and interpretation of research data, the following statistical tools and techniques will be applied: frequency count, percentage and weighted mean. Frequency Count and Percentage. These descriptive measures will be used in presenting the profile of the respondents. Percentage will be computed by the following formula: P=FN100 Where: P=percentage F=frequency N=total number of cases Weighted Mean. This descriptive measure will be employed in determining the responses of the respo ndents. The formula to be applied is: WM=sumofWFNWhere: WM=weighted mean W=weight of a response F=frequency of a response N=total number of cases Chapter 4 ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Gender of the respondents Age of the respondents Figure 1 Parent's Status of the Respondents Figure 1 shows that 28 or 70% have answered together as their parent's status, 6 or 15% have answered that their parents is an Overseas Filipino Worker, 3 or 7. 5% answered that their parents were separated. Figure 2 Figure 2 shows that 33 or 82. 5% of the respondents answered that they are not a bully while 7 or 17. 5% of the respondents answered that they are a bully.Figure 3 Figure 3 shows that 22 or 55% of the respondents are experiencing being bullied while 18 or 45% answered that they haven't experienced being bullied. Figure 4 Problem Behavior occur in when needed to perform a task Figure 4 shows that 33 or 82. 5% of them answered that the problem behavior only occur sometimes when needed to perform a task, 4 or 10% of the 40 respondents answered never, and 3 or 7. 5% answered always. Figure 5 Do their friends leave them alone? Figure 5 shows that 23 or 57. 5% of the respondents answered never in the question of â€Å"Do their friends leave them alone? 12 or 30% answered sometimes while 5 or 12. 5% answered always. Figure 6 Do their classmates verbally respond or laugh at them? Figure 6 shows that 21 or 52. 5% of the 40 respondents answered sometimes in a given question: â€Å"do their classmates verbally respond or laugh at them? â€Å", 14 or 35% answered never, and 5 or 12. 5% answered always. Figure 7 Problem behavior more likely occur following a conflict outside the classroom. Figure 7 shows that 27 or 67. 5% answered that the problem behavior occur in a conflict outside the classroom only sometimes, 8 or 20% answered never, 5 or 12. % answered always. Figure 8 Problem behavior occur to get others attention? Figure 8 shows that 20 or 50% answered som etimes, 18 or 45% answered never, and 2 or 5% answered always in the question that their problem behavior occur to get others attention. Figure 9 Problem behavior occurs in the presence of specific peers. Figure 9 shows how often the problem behavior occurs in the presence of specific peers. 26 or 65% answered sometimes, 10 or 25% answered never, and 4 or 10% answered always. Figure 10 Problem behavior stops when peers stop interacting with the student.Figure 10 shows how often the problem behavior stops when peers stop interacting with the student. 27 or 67. 5% answered sometimes, 11 or 27. 5% answered never, and 2 or 5% answered always. Figure 11 Problem behavior occurs during specific academic activities. Figure 11 shows how often the problem behavior occurs during specific academic activities. Of the 40 respondents, 22 or 55. 5% answered sometimes, 13 or 32. 5% answered never, and 12. 5% answered always. Figure 12 Factors that affects the behavior| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Over-all Rankin g| | F %| F %| F %| F %| F %| | School Influences| 5 12. | 7 17. 5| 10 25| 14 35| 4 10| 4| Community| 2 5| 6 15 | 4 10| 12 30| 16 40| 5| Peers| 16 40| 10 25| 5 12. 5| 5 12. 5| 4 10| 1| Family| 9 22. 5| 14 35| 7 17. 5| 4 10| 6 15| 2| Attitude| 7 17. 5| 7 17. 5| 14 30| 5 12. 5| 7 17. 5| 3| Figure 12 shows that 16 or 40% of the respondents answered peers as the number 1 in the factors the affects the behavior most, second is the family, third is the attitude, fourth is the school influences, and lastly, community influences. Chapter 5SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter deals with the summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. The data gathered were summarized and presented in this chapter. Summary This study was conducted for the purpose of determining the factors that affects the behavior of the high school students in Maryhill College. The descriptive method of research was utilized and the normative survey technique was used for gathering data . The questionnaire served as the instrument for collecting data. Selected high school students were the respondents. The inquiry was conducted during the school year 2012-2013. 1.Which factor affects the behavior of teenagers most? 2. How do the students with behavioral disorders interact with other people? 3. What are the implications that may prevent this behavior to become worst? 4. Does being bullied affects the behavior of the teenager? Findings After gathering the data and applying the necessary methods and statistical treatment, the following findings were revealed: 1. Based on the findings, among the five factors, peers ranks number 1, second is the family, third is the attitude, fourth is the school influences, and lastly, community influences. 2. They interact with other people in their own distinct ways.Some interacts just like anybody and some interacts just to get somebody's attention. 3. Based on the findings, most of the teenagers are very much affected with their pe ers. Thus, the disciplinarian, the parents, or the student itself must help themselves by preventing this problem behavior and to be motivated to become a better person. 4. Yes. Being bullied affects the behavior teenager. Being tolerated, facing in different criticisms, negative vibes, and being bullied affect the behavior of the teenagers a lot because most of them are losing their self-esteem and confidence. Thus, the teenager is affected by this.Conclusions The researcher concluded that: 1. Peers affect the behavior of teenagers most. 2. The teenager who has this problem behavior interacts with other people defiantly. 3. Proper parenthood is the best implementations to prevent this behavior to become worst. 4. Being bullied by a bully affects the behavior of the teenager a lot. Recommendations The researcher would like to recommend the following: To the parents 1. Proper parenthood is advised. 2. Parent-children communication is a must. To the teachers, 1. Have the proper way of educating students by trying to understand its deficiency.To the students, 1. Be aware of your peers. They may affect your behavior. 2. Don’t let anybody to let you down. 3. Build your own confidence. BIBLIOGRAPHY Book Custodia A. Sanchez, Paz F. Abad, and Loreto U. Jao, General Psychology Fourth Edition. (Manila:Rex Bookstore, Inc. , 2002)p. 33 RufinaSiruno and Edgardo Siruno. Child Growth and Development. (Manila: Rex Book Store, 1988),p. 94 Ramon Agapay, Ethnics and the Filipino (Mandaluyong, Manila: National Book Store, Inc. ,1991) p. 25-26 Rufina Siruno and Edgardo Siruno. Child Growth and Development. (Manila: Rex Book Store, 1988),p. 4 Encyclopedia Americana, (USA: Grolier Incorporated) vol. 25, p. 131 Conception RodilMartines and Galileo Fule, Management of Human Behavior in Organizations. (Diliman Quezon City: National Book Store, 1993), p. 67 Ramon B. Agapay, Ethics and the Filipino (Mandaluyong Manila: National Book Store, Inc. , 1991) p. 11 Conception R. Martines , Management of Human Behavior in Organizations. (Diliman Quezon City: National Book Store, 1993), p. 17 Electronic Devices Bijou, Sidney W. â€Å"Behaviorism. â€Å"Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008. Lloyd, John Wills. Education of Students with Behavior Disorders. â€Å"Microsoft Encarta ® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008. http://www. eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini. jsp? _nfpb=tr Personal author, compiler, or editor name(s); click on any author to run a new search on that name. Thomson Gale. World of Health. http://www. bookrags. com/research/peer-pressure-woh/. 2005 Lyman Stone. How much does culture and lifestyle affect behavior?. http://www. helium. com/items/493732-how-much-does-culture-and-lifestyle-affect-behavior, 2002-2009 http://www. kidsdevelopment. co. k/BehaviouralDisordersChildren. html,2000-2009 Leticia Penano-Ho, â€Å"The Bully and the Bullied†, Manila Bulletin, 17 March 2008. APPENDICES APPENDIX A Letter of Transmittal for Gathering Data Maryhill College Basic Education Department Lucena City SY 2012-2013 March 8, 2013 Dear Respondents, The undersigned is conducting a study on â€Å"Factors Affecting the Behavior of Students in Dealing with Other People†. I have constructed questionnaire to gather information that will help to answer the problems. You have to answer truthfully the given questions so that I will have reliable data to prove my research.Your anonymity and the information you will give will be treated with confidentiality. Thank you very much for kind response to my request. Sincerely yours, Christian KING Z. Dimaculangan Researcher APPENDIX B Questionnaire GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Please accomplish this questionnaire very carefully and honestly. Please rest assured that any information that you supply will be treated with the greatest confidentiality. AGE____ GENDER ____ DIRECTIONS: Please check the best answer. 1) Parent’s Status ___ Together ___ Separated ___ OFW father or mother ___ Both OFW ___ Others please specify ) Do you have friends? ___ Yes ___ None 3) Are you a Bully? ___ Yes ___ No 4) Have you experienced being bullied? ___ Yes ___ No DIRECTIONS: Keep in mind a typical episode of the problem behavior, check the best answer. 1) Does your problem in behavior occur and persist when it is needed to perform a task? ____ Always ____ Sometimes ____ Never 2) During a conflict with peers or if you are engaged in the problem behavior do your friends leave you alone? ____ Always ____ Sometimes ____ Never 3) When the problem in behavior occurs, do your classmates verbally respond or laugh at you? ___ Always ____ Sometimes ____ Never 4) Is your problem in behavior more likely to occur following a conflict outside the classroom? ____ Always ____ Sometimes ____ Never 5) Does your problem in behavior occur to get others attention? ____ Always ____ Sometimes ____ Never 6) Does your proble m in behavior occur in the presence of specific peers? ____ Always ____ Sometimes ____ Never 7) Does the problem in behavior stop when peers stop interacting with the student? ____ Always ____ Sometimes ____ Never 8) Does your problem in behavior occur during specific academic activities? ____ Always ___ Sometimes ____ Never Rate the following factors from 1-5 that affect your behavior most. Write the number at left side of the word. And use 1 as the factor that affect your behavior most and 5 as the factors which affects your behavior less _____School _____ Community influences _____ Peers _____ Family _____ Attitudes THANK YOU! APPENDIX C Talligram PARENT’S STATUS| Together| Separated| OFW| Others| | IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III| III| IIIII-I| III| Total| 28| 3| 6| 3| ARE YOU A BULLY? | Yes| No| | IIIII-II| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III| Total| 7| 33| EXPERIENCED BEING BULLIED? Yes| No| | IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-II| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III| Total| 22| 18| Probl em Behavior occur in when needed to perform a task| Always| Sometimes| Never| | III| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III| IIII| Total| 3| 33| 4| Do their friends leave them alone? | Always| Sometimes| Never| | IIIII-| IIIII-IIIII-II| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III| Total| 5| 12| 23| Do their classmates verbally respond or laugh at them? | Always| Sometimes| Never| | IIIII-| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-I| IIIII-IIIII-IIII| Total| 5| 21| 14| Problem behavior more likely occur following a conflict outside the classroom? Always| Sometimes| Never| | IIIII-| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-II| IIIII-III| Total| 5| 27| 8| Problem behavior occur to get others attention? | Always| Sometimes| Never| | II| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III| Total| 2| 20| 18| Problem behavior occurs in the presence of specific peers. | Always| Sometimes| Never| | IIII| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-I| IIIII-IIIII-| Total| 4| 26| 10| Problem behavior stops when peers stop interacting with the student. | Always| Sometimes| Never| | II| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-II| IIIII-IIIII-I| Total| 2| 27| 11|Problem behavior occurs during specific academic activities. | Always| Sometimes| Never| | IIIII-| IIIII-IIIII- IIIII-IIIII-II| IIIII-IIIII-III| Total| 5| 22| 13| Factors that affects the behavior| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Over-all Ranking| School Influences| IIIII-| IIIII-II| IIIII- IIIII-| IIIII- IIIII- IIII| IIII| 4| | 5| 7| 10| 14| 4| | Community| II| IIIII-I| IIII| IIIII- IIIII-II| IIIII- IIIII- IIIII-I| 5| | 2| 6| 4| 12| 16| | Peers| IIIII- IIIII- IIIII-I| IIIII- IIIII-| IIIII-| IIIII-| IIII| 1| | 16| 10| 5| 5| 4| | Family| IIIII- IIII| IIIII- IIIII- IIII| IIIII-II| IIII| IIIII-I| 2| | 9| 14| 7| 4| 6| |Attitude| IIIII-II| IIIII-II| IIIII- IIIII- IIII| IIIII-| IIIII-II| 3| | 7| 7| 14| 5| 7| | CURICULUM VITAE Name: Christian King Z. Dimaculangan Nickname: King Birth date: November 17, 1997 Age: 15 years old Birthplace: Lucena City Address: #10 Bolovia St. Better Living Subd. ,Isabang, Lucena City Contact Number: 0933-214-5217 Father:Dennis Dimaculangan Occupation: Store Manager Mother: ChonaDimaculangan Occupation: Medical Secretary Educational Background: St. Gerard Inc. (Preparatory) Maryhill College (Elementary-Present) [2004-Present] Organizations: Youth for Christ Habitat for Humanity

Living the American Dream: Of Mice and Men Essay

What is the American Dream? There are a myriad of aspects to it, but one general idea: the ideal life. It is making a lot of money, being respected, and triumphing difficult situations. In the book Of Mice and Men, written by John Steinbeck, Lennie and George’s dream is to live on a ranch of their own. But through these difficult times will their hard work pay off? In his novel, Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck highlights Lennie, Crooks and Carlyss wife to demonstrate that many pursue the American Dream, but only a few succeed. Through out the novel Lennie had many little dreams. Their perfect world is one of independence. Workers like Lennie and George have no family, no home, and very little control over their lives; they only have what they carry. This gives them motivation to work and make money to go towards their dream. â€Å"‘Well,’ said George, ‘we’ll have a big vegetable patch and a rabbit hutch and chickens. And when it rains in the winter, we’ll just say the hell with goin’ to work, and we’ll build up a fire in the stove and set around it an’ listen to the rain comin’ down on the roof†¦'†(Steinbeck 14). Lennie has a dream before he even reaches the new ranch, he wants to tend the rabbits â€Å"an’ live of the fatta the lan’† (Steinbeck 14). He wants to be able to do what he loves to do. Will Lennie complete his dream? In the novel Of Mice and Men, Crooks similar to Lennie has many dreams. Crooks is very separated from the other men because of his race; they don’t converse or spend time with one and other. He feels very alone, he once said,† ‘Cause I’m black. They play cards in there, but I can’t play because I’m black. They say I stink. Well, I tell you, all of you stink to me.†(Steinbeck 68). Crooks dream is to be accepted and equal with the other men on the ranch. Just because he is only one of the black men in town he believes he should be treated the same way, he should be playing cards and going out with them. Crooks also wants to join Lennie and Candy in their dream at the new ranch, â€Å"†¦If you†¦guys would want a hand to work for nothing-just his keep, why I’d come and lend a hand†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Steinbeck 76). Crooks wanted to join them so he wouldn’t be alone. Will he ever be accepted and accomplish his dream? Curley’s wife has a dream that although different in detail from the other’s dreams, is still very similar in its general desires. Curley’s wife is very unsatisfied by Curly; she consistently hangs around the barn, trying to engage in other workers conversations. She wants companionship; she is so helpless she will talk to the men on the ranch that doesn’t like her. She also has a dream like the other men on the ranch; she wanted to be an actress in Hollywood. She imagines how great it would be to stay in nice hotels, own lots of beautiful clothes, and have people want to take her photograph (Steinbeck 89). Both attention and financial security would have been hers. Like the men she desires friendship, and also material comforts, though the specifics of her dream differ from theirs. Will she ever achieve her dream? Many pursue the American Dream, but only a few succeed. In this novel, Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck created many dreams for Lennie, Crooks, and Curley’s wife but none of them succeed. Lennie died he was shot by George, crooks bfjdlsfs, and Lennie killed Curley’s wife. Thought out the story these characters saw hope and they tried to catch it but they were not successful. Everyone dreams of the American Dream. Works Cited: Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. New York: Penguin Group, 1937

Project topics †Journal of Engineering Research and Studies Essay

Journal of Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN0976-7916 Research Paper SEPARATION OF OIL AND PECTIN FROM ORANGE PEEL AND STUDY OF EFFECT OF pH OF EXTRACTING MEDIUM ON THE YIELD OF PECTIN Shekhar Pandharipande*a, Harshal Makodeb Address for Correspondence *a- Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Bharat Nagar, Amravati Road, Nagpur,India. b B. Tech student, Department of Chemical Engineering, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Bharat Nagar, Amravati Road, Nagpur, India. ABSTRACT An orange, specifically, the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.)) is the most commonly grown tree fruit in the world. The present work addresses to the development of the part of the process needed for the extraction of value added products like orange oil and pectin from orange peel, which is the waste of orange juice processing industry. The outcome of the present work highlighted that the sweet orange peels are good source of orange oil and pectin and does have the potential to become important raw material for food processing industries. Two methods namely simple distillation & leaching have been explored for separation of oil from peels. The remains of cake in this part is further treated for isolation of pectin. It is found from the experimental observations that the peel source, for extraction of pectin, when taken after extracting orange oil through simple distillation gives higher yield than leaching residue. It is concluded that the process in which orange oil is first extracted using technique of simple distillation followed by acid extraction of pectin is most suitable for industrial production for isolation of pectin. These results demonstrate the successful extraction of orange oil and pectin, providing potential benefits for  industrial extraction of pectin from an economic and environmental point of view. KEYWORDS orange peel, pectin extraction, orange essential oil 1.1 INTRODUCTION An orange, specifically, the sweet orange (Citrus  sinensis (L.)) is the most commonly grown tree fruit  in the world. Orange trees are widely cultivated in  tropical and subtropical climates for the sweet fruit,  which is peeled or cut (to avoid the bitter rind) and  eaten whole, or processed to extract orange juice, &  also for the fragrant peel. Citrus fruits are at the top  not only in total production, but also in economic  value. The albedo is the main source of pectin. Pectin  includes all the esterified polygalacturonic acids at  different degree of neutralization. In the presence of  saccharine and small quantities of organic acids  (usually citric acid), pectins gelatinized, and this  property is exploited by the agrochemistry and  pharmaceutical industries for pectin isolation. Orange  essential oil is present in small ductless gland  contained in the peel of the orange fruits. The main  constituent of orange peel essential oil is d-limone ne  (present to the extent of at least 90 %), which is the  only hydrocarbon present. The d-limonene is  extracted from orange rinds or solids. The rinds and  pulp are sent to an evaporator and the d-limonene is  steamed out. It is widely known for its pleasant scent  and degreasing properties. d-limonene is currently  being used in many applications such as chlorinated  solvents replacements, hand cleaners and sewage  treatments. The orange processing industry can get a  complete makeover if due importance is given for  separation of useful ingredient from orange peel.  Researchers and Scientists have been working on the  separation of oil and pectin from orange peel and  reporting their findings in journals of repute. A brief  summary includes orange peel: organic waste or  energetic resource(1), Waste to wealth: Industrial raw  materials potential of peels of Nigerian sweet orange  (Citrus sinensis)(2), method of distilling a volatile  constituent from liquid mixture(3), Optimization of  pectin acid extraction from passion fruit peel  (Passiflora edulis flavicarpa) using response surface  methodology(4), Extraction and Qualitative Assessment of African Sweet Orange Seed Oil(5), JERS/Vol. III/ Issue II/April-June, 2012/06-09 Comparisons between different techniques for waterbased extraction of pectin from orange peels(6) , microwave-assisted Isolation of essential oil of  Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Bl.: Comparison with  Conventional hydrodistillation(7), Microwave-assisted  extraction of pectin from orange peel(8), microbial  production of pectin from Citrus peel(9), Optimization  of Pectin Extraction from Peel of Dragon Fruit  (Hylocereus polyrhizus)(10), Determining the Yield  and Quality of Pectin from Fresh Peel & Pectin  Pomace(11) and Microbial Production of Pectin from  Citrus Peel(12) . The present work (13) explored the possibility of  separation of essential oils and pectin from the  orange peels. Nagpur is major orange producing  centre in the subcontinent and even recognised in the  name of oranges as, Orange city. 1.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present work is divided into following parts: I. Separation of oil from peels. a) Using the method of simple distillation b) Using ethanol as solvent in the method of leaching II. Extraction of pectin from oil peels a) From fresh peels, the leftover b) From dried cake remained after simple distillation and leaching as in part I 1.2.1 Separation of oil from peels: Raw Material: The raw material taken under examination for the extraction of orange oil (d-limonene) and pectin is orange peel. Orange peels are removed from fresh oranges which are procured from local market and which were harvested in the month of December 2011 to January 2012. Methods: Simple distillation is employed for removal of essential oil from orange peel. Dried and fined ground orange peel powder is added with known quantity of water which is simple distilled off for approximately one hour. The solid remains of the residue are dried to obtain the dry cake. The distillate Journal of Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN0976-7916 resulted in to two phases, oil and water. Two phases  are separated and orange oil is obtained. For 350 gm  of orange powder taken, 8 ml of oil and 126.3 gm of  dried cake is obtained. The method of leaching is also explored for removal  of oil from peels. 380 gm of fresh orange peel are extracted with 225 ml of ethanol. After adequate  contacting, two phases, solid and liquid are separated,  198 gm of wet slurry resulted into 150 gm of dry  cake. However oil could not be recovered following  this method. The dried cake obtained is further  treated for separation of pectin in next part of present  work.  1.2.2 Extraction of pectin from orange peels:  The objective of this part of work is extraction and  isolation of pectin from fresh orange peel sample and  the dry cake sample left after extraction of oil using  simple distillation as in part I. The objective includes  the study of the effect of pH of the medium on the  yield of pectin extracted. The process flow chart is as shown in the figure 1. Table no 1: Experimental observations of yield of pectin at different pH Fig no 1: Process flow chart for extraction of pectin from orange peel sample Citric acid in distilled water solutions of desired pH  values 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are prepared. Orange peel samples weighing 10 gm each are dipped in to the  solution and heated at 800C for 10 minutes. After  cooling the solution, it is filtered using cloth filter  and Whatman filter paper under vacuum. Ethanol is  added to the filtered solution to facilitate filtration of  pectin. The solution is filtered using fine filter cloth  or centrifuge at 8000 rpm for 15 min at 100C to  separate jelly pectin which is dried under vacuum at  500C and -100 mmHg gauge for two hours. Dried  pectin is thus obtained. The observations are given in  table no 1.  Yield % of pectin is based on the gram of peel sample taken, and is calculated by formula as given below; Fig no 2: Pectin yield at different pH of extracting medium 1.2.2.1: Comparison of yield of pectin from the dry cake residue left after simple distillation and leaching: Same procedure is applied for separation of pectin in  this part of present work, as followed in part 1.2.2.the  observations are tabulated in table 2 & pictorial  details & output of process are depicted in fig 3. Table no 2: Experimental observations of  comparison of yield of pectin from the dry cake  residue left after simple distillation and leaching  where Ypec (%) is the extracted pectin yield in per cent (%), P is the amount of dry pectin in g and Bi is the initial amount of orange peel in gram. Results and discussion: The maximum yield of pectin is obtained at   extraction medium pH of 1. However negligible yield  is obtained at pH of 4 and 5 as can be seen from  graph plotted between pectin yield % obtained for  various values of pH of medium as shown in fig 2. JERS/Vol. III/ Issue II/April-June, 2012/06-09 Journal of Engineering Research and Studies Result and discussion: The yield of pectin obtained is highest in turbid  extract, but this might be due to some suspended  impurities present in the extract. The maximum  overall yield of the pectin is obtained from orange  peel residue sample through simple distillation. Therefore, in the process of orange oil and pectin  extraction from orange peel, it is recommended on  basis of results obtained, that to first extract oil using  simple distillation and then isolate pectin with acid  hydrolysis technique. 1.3 CONCLUSION Nagpur region is well known in central Asia as  largest orange producing region. It is also known as  the California of India, producing excellent quality  oranges in large number. Though it has great  production of oranges, the downstream processing  and value added product manufacturing technology is  not yet developed. The present work is dedicated for E-ISSN0976-7916 the development of the part of the process technology  needed for the extraction of value added products i.e.  orange oil and pectin from orange peel, which is the  waste of orange juice processing industry. The  present work revealed that the sweet orange peels are  good source of orange oil and pectin and does have  the potential to become important raw material for  food processing industries. It is found from the  experimentation that the peel source, for extraction of  pectin, when taken after extracting orange oil through  simple distillation gives higher yield than leaching  residue. So it can be concluded that the process in  which orange oil is first extracted using technique of  simple distillation followed by acid extraction of  pectin is most suitable for industrial production. These results demonstrate the successful extraction of  orange oil and pectin, providing potential benefits for  industrial extraction of pectin from an economic and  environmental point of view. Fig no 3: Pictorial presentation of the process for comparison of yield of pectin from the dry cake residue left after simple distillation and leaching Amboni. 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